THE UNITED STATES AND THE STATES
                     UNDER THE CONSTITUTION

                               BY

                      C. STUART PATTERSON.

                         SECOND EDITION,

       With Notes and References to Additional Authorities

                               BY

                        ROBERT P. REEDER,
                     OF THE PHILADELPHIA BAR

                          PHILADELPHIA
                    T. & J. W. JOHNSON & CO.
                              1904.


                            CONTENTS:


                           CHAPTER I:
          THE RELATION OF THE STATES AND OF THE TERRITORIES
               TO THE UNITED STATES AND TO EACH OTHER

  1.  The sanction of the Constitution.
  2.  The indissolubility of the Union.
  3.  The autonomy of the states.
  4.  The delegated character and limited powers of the
      government of the United States.
  5.  The federal supremacy.
  6.  The restraints upon the states.
  7.  The force and effect of the preamble to the Constitution.
  8.  The territories.


                           CHAPTER II:
                       THE IMPLIED POWERS

  9.  The necessity of their existence.
  10. Their constitutional recognition.
  11. The test of the relation of the means to the end.
  12. Illustrations of the exercise of the implied powers.
  13. The legal tender question.


                          CHAPTER III:
                            TAXATION

  14.  Taxation defined and limited.
  15.  Taxation by the United States
  16.  Restrictions upon federal taxation.
  17.  Taxation of exports.
  18.  Direct taxation.
  19.  Requirement of uniformity.
  20.  Taxation in the territories.
  21.  Exemption of state agencies from taxation by the United
       States.
  22.  Charges which are not taxes exempt from constitutional
       restraints.
  23.  Taxation by the states.
  24.  Expressed restraints upon state taxation.
  25.  Implied restraint upon state taxation resulting from the
       federal supremacy.
  26.  Taxation of national banks.
  27.  State taxation as affected by the prohibition of the
       impairment of the obligation of contracts.
  28.  State taxation as affected by the grant to Congress of the
       power of regulating commerce.


                           CHAPTER IV:
                   THE REGULATION OF  COMMERCE

  29.  The constitutional provisions.
  30.  The historical reason for the provisions.
  31.  Commerce defined.
  32.  Regulation of commerce defined.
  33.  The general principles defining the limits of national and
       state regulation.
  34.  The internal commerce of a state.
  35.  Navigable waters and the soil under them.
  36.  Preferences of ports.
  37.  Duties upon exports.
  38.  Duties upon tonnage.
  39.  Port dues.
  40.  Pilotage.
  41.  Regulation of navigation.
  42.  Port regulations.
  43.  Quarantine.
  44.  Ferries.
  45.  Bridges and dams.
  46.  Improvements of navigation.
  47.  Wharves and piers.
  48.  State duties upon imports and exports.
  49.  State inspection laws.
  50.  Taxation discriminating against goods from other states.
  51.  The original package doctrine.
  52.  Transportation:
        (a) State regulation in the exercise of the police power;
        (b) Regulation by taxation;
        (c) The Interstate Commerce Act.
  53.  Tbe Anti-trust law.
  54.  Telegraphs.
  55.  Commerce with the Indian tribes.


                           CHAPTER V:
          THE IMPAIRMENT OF THE OBLIGATION OF CONTRACTS

  56.  The prohibition affects only state laws.
  57.  The term "law" defined.
  58.  Judgements of state courts not conclusive either as to the
       non-existence or non-impairment of contracts.
  59.  The obligation of a contract defined.
  60.  legislation as to remedies.
  61.  The term "contracts" defined.
  62.  State insolvent laws.
  63.  Judgments as contracts.
  64.  Munieipal taxation.
  65.  History of the prohibition.
  66.  State grants.
  67.  Express contracts of exemption from taxation.
  68.  Express grants of peculiar privileges.
  69.  Contracts between a state and its political subdivisions.
  70.  Implied contracts in charters of incorporation.
  71.  Implied corporate exemption from taxation.
  72.  Implied grants of peculiar privileges.
  73.  Exemption from the operation of the police power.
  74.  Contracts as to matters of public concern.
  75.  The withdrawal by a state of its consent to be sued.
  74.  The force, and effect of the prohibition as construed by
       the Supreme Court.


                           CHAPTER VI:
            EX POST FACTO LAWS AND BILLS OF ATTAINDER

  77.  The constitutional provisions.
  78.  The distinction between retrospective and ex post facto
       laws.
  79.  Ex post facto laws defined.
  80.  Illustrations of ex post facto laws.
  8I.  Illustrations of laws which are not ex post facto.
  82.  Bills of Attainder and bills of pains and penalties.


                          CHAPTER VII:
            THE PROHIBITION OF STATE BILLS OF CREDIT

  83. Bills of credit defined.
  84. What are, and what are not, bills of credit.


                          CHAPTER VIII:
                         STATE COMPACTS

  85. What compacts are permitted, and wbat are forbidden.


                           CHAPTER IX:
                     FUGITIVES FROM JUSTICE

  86. The constitutional provision.
  87. The concurrent jurisdiction of the federal and state
      courts.


                           CHAPTER X:
                       THE JUDICIAL POWER

  88.  The constitutional provisions.
  89.  The theory of a judicial system under the common law.
  90.  The necessity of a federal judiciary.
  91.  Cases in law and equity, etc.
  92.  Cases affecting ambassadors, etc.
  93.  Admiralty.
  94.  Controversies to which the United States shall be a party.
  95.  Controversies between citizens of different states.
  96.  Controversies between two or more states.
  97.  Controversies between a state and citizens of another
       state, etc.
  98.  Federal jurisdiction.
  99.  Exclusive and concurrent jurisdiction.
 100.  The courts of the United States.
 101.  Original jurisdiction.
 102.  Appellate and supervisory jurisdiction.
 103.  The necessity of a judicial "case."
 104.  The federal judiciary.
 105.  The federal supremacy.
 106.  Constitutional find statutory construction.
 107.  Judgments of courts.
 108.  Treaties.
 109.  The law administered in the federal courts.
 110.  Courts martial and impeachments.
 111.  The IV Amendment.
 112.  The V Amendment:
        (a) Due process of law;
        (b) Jeopardy etc.
 113.  The VI Amendment.
 114.  The VII and VIII Amendments.
 115.  The XI Amendment.
 116.  The relations between the federal and state courts.
 117.  The XIV Amendment as affecting state judicial proceedings.
 118.  The "full faith and credit" clause.


                           CHAPTER XI:
                RIGHTS OF PERSON AND OF PROPERTY

 118.  Citizenship of the United States.
 119.  Citizenship of a state.
 121.  The right of suffrage.
 122.  The right of serving on juries.
 123.  Congressional regulation of federal elections.
 124.  Immigrants and aliens.
 125.  Personal property rights.
 126.  The rights within a state of citizens of other states.
 127.  Foreign corporations.
 128.  The I Amendment.
 129.  The XIII Amendment.
 130.  The XIV Amendment.
 139.  The equal protection of the laws.
 140.  The police power.


                          CHAPTER XII:
   THE FEDERAL SUPREMACY AND THE RESERVED RIGHTS OF THE STATES

 133.  The results of federal supremacy.
 134.  The constitutional reservation of the rights of the
       states.
 135.  The nature and extent of those reserved rights.
 136.  The importance of the preservation of the rights of both
       the United States and the states.


                TABLE OF CASES CITED

              The references are to the pages.

A.A.P. Co.     v. D.P. Co., 191 U.S. 373          282, 288
A.B. Co.       v. Kansas, 193 U.S. 49             228
Aberdeen Bank  v. Chehalis County, 166 U.S. 440   50, 52
Ableman        v. Booth, 21 How. 506              18, 271
Achison        v. Huddleson, 12 How. 293          97
Adams          v. Nashville, 95 U.S.19            49
               v. New York, 192 U.S. 585          246, 320
A. Ex. Co.     v. Kentucky, 166 U.S. 171          40,57,103
               v. Michigan, 177 U.S. 404          206
               v. Ohio,165 U.S. 194 166 id.       185,40,54,57,10
3,316     
A.I. Co.       v. Canter, 1 Pet. 511              8, 9, 19
Ainsa          v. U.S., 184 U.S.639               209
Alabama        v. Georgia 23 How. 505             191, 211
Albany Bridge Case, The, 2 Wall, 403              84
Allen          v. Louisiana, 103 U.S. 80          233
               v. Newberry, 21 How. 244           209
               v. P.P.C. Co., 191 U.S.  171       55,56,58,103,10
5    
               v. S.P.R. 173 U.S. 479,            224
Allgeyer       v. Louisiana, 165 U.S. 578         63, 280   
Almy                v. California, 24 How. 169    54,64, 88, 106 
Ambrosini      v. U.S., 187 U.S. 1                39
Ames           v. Kansas, 111 U.S. 449            206, 221, 225
Amy       v. Shelby County, 114 U.S. 387          179
          v. Supervisors, 11 Wall. 136            266, 267
Anderson  v. Dunn, 6 Wheat. 204                   18
          v. U.S., 171 U.S. 604                   128
Andrews   v. Andrews, 188 U.S. 14                 283, 284, 286
          v. Swartz, 156 U.S. 272                 274, 282
Antoni         v. Greenhow, 107 U.S. 769          145
A.P. Co.  v. Fisher, 166 U.S. 464                 256
A.P. & S. Co.  v. U.S., 175 U.S. 211              67, 127, 251
Arbuckle  v. Blackburn, 191 U.S. 405              21,5 276, 319
Arkansas  v. K. & T. C. Co., 183 U.S. 185         206, 210, 225
Armstrong      v. Carson, 2 Dall.302              283
          v. Lear, 8 Pet. 52                      229
Arndt          v. Griggs, 134 U.S. 316            274
Arnson         v. Murphy, 109 U.S. 238            265
Arrowsmith     v. Harmoning, 118 U.S. 194         276
A.R.T. Co.     v. Hall, 174 U.S. 70               40, 57, 103
A. Ry.         v. New York, 176 U.S. 335          142, 161, 176,
278
Asher          v. Texas, 128 U.S. 129             55, 92, 302
Ashley         v. Ryan, 153 U.S. 436              22,55,103,304,3
05,306
A.S. of M. H.  v. McAnnulty, 187 U.S. 94          229
Aspinwall      v. Daviess County, 22 How. 364          148, 149
A.S.R. Co.     v. Louisiana, 179 U.S. 89          320
Asylum         v. New Orleans, 105 U.S. 362       52, 162, 163
A.S. & W. Co.  v. Speed, 192 U.S. 500             43, 55, 87, 92,
94
Atherton  v. Atherton, 181 U.S. 155               286
A.T. & S.F. R. v. Matthews, 174 U.S. 96           313, 314, 318
Austin         v. Tennessee, 179 U.S.343          96
Auten          v. U.S. Nat. Bank, IL74 U.S. 125   206
A.V.L.& C. Co. v. Mann, 130 U.S. 69               257
Ayers, In re, 123 U.S. 443                        180, 261
A.& P.T.Co.    v. Philadelphia, 190 U.S. 160      24, 134
Backus         v. F.S.U.D. Co., 169 U.S. 557      274, 277
Bacon          v. Howard,, 20 How. 22             283
Bailey         v. Maguire, 22 Wall. 215           174
Bain, Ex parte, 121 U.S. 1                        247
Baker          v. Grice, 169 U.S. 284             225
Baldwin   v. Franks, 120 U.S. 678                 233, 238
          v. Hale, 1 Wall. 223                    141, 152 153
Baltimore      v. B.T. Co., 166 U.S. 673          177
Baltzer   v. North Carolina, 161 U.S. 240         180
Banholzer      v. N.Y.L.I. Co., 178 U.S. 402      282
Bank           v. Supervisors, 7 Wall. 26         44
Bank of Alabama v. Dalton, 9 How. 522             267, 283, 288
Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 13 Pet. 519             63, 304, 305
Bank of Columbia v. Okely, 4 Wheat. 235           256
Bank of Commerce v. Tennessee, 161 U.S. 134       163
                        id. 416                   162
Bank of Hamilton v. Dudley's Lessee, 2 Pet. 492   204
Bank of Kentucky v. Wister, 2 Pet. 318            262
Bank of Redemption v. Boston, 125 U.S. 60         50
Bank of U.S.   v. Deveaux, 5 Cr. 61               303
          v. Halstead, 10 Wheat. 51               265
          v. Planters' Bank, 9 Wheat. 904         262
Bank of Washington v. Arkansas, 20 How. 530       180
Banks          v. Mayor, 7 Wall. 16               44
Bank Tax Case, 2 Wall. 200                        44
Barber         v. Barber, 21 How. 582             210
Barbier   v.  Connally,  113  U.S. 27             314, 321
Barings   v. Dabney, 19 Wall. 1                   169
Barney         v. Baltimore, 6 Wall. 280          210
          v. City of New York, 193 U.S. 430       280, 319, 323
          v. Keokuk, 94 U.S. 324                  72
Barnitz        v. Beverly, 163 U.S. 118           146
Barrett   v. Holmes, 102 U.S. 651                 143, 279
Barron         v. Baltimore, 7 Pet. 243           247
          v. Burnside, 121 U.S.                   186 307
Bartemeyer     v. Iowa, 18 Wall.129               100,298
Bartlett  v. Lockwood, 160 U.S. 357               80
Barton         v. Barbour, 104 U.S.126            255
Bates          v. Clark, 95 U.S. 204              264
Bath County    v. Amy, 13 Wall. 244               267
Bauman         v. Ross, 167 U.S. 548              11, 251, 253
Bausman        v. Dixon, 173 U.S. 113             206
Bayard         v. Singleton, 1 Martin, (N.C.) 42  233
B.B. & B. C. R. v. New Whatcom, 172 U.S. 314      277
Beatty         v. Benton, 135 U.S. 244            224
Bedford   v. E. B. & L. Assn., 181 U.S. 227       142, 306
Beer Co.  v. Massachusetts, 97 U.S. 25            100,176,178
Beers          v. Arkansas, 20 How. 527           180,181
Belden         v. Chase, 150 U.S. 674             206, 209
Belfast, The, 7 Wall 624                          208,209,264
Belknap        v. Schild, 161 U.S. 10             209, 253
Bell      v. Bell, 181 U.S. 175                   286
Bellaire  v. B. & O. R. 146 U.S. 117              225
Bement         v. N.H. Co., 186 U.S. 70           126,128
Benjamin  v. New Orleans, 169 U.S. 161            215
Benner         v. Porter, 9 How. 235              9
B.G.R.         v. Pennsylvania, 134 U.S. 232      41,43,316
Bier      v. McGehee, 148 U.S. 137                139,148,149
Bigby          v. U.S., 188 U.S. 400              209
Bigler         v. Waller. 14 Wall. 297            21
Billings  v. Illinois, 188 U.S.97                 41, 316
Bingham   v. Cabot. 3 Dall. 382                   215
Binghamton Bridge, 3 Wall. 51                     167,168,175
Bischoff  v. Wethered, 9 Wall. 812                284
Blackstone     v. Miller, 188 U.S. 189            40,41,140
Blair          v. Cuming County, 111 U.S. 363          25
Blake          v. McClung, 172 U.S. 239      215,303,304,319
          v. McClung, 176 U.S. 59       303
          In re, 175 U.S. 114           267
Blount         v. Walker, 134 U.S. 607            287
          v. Windley, 95 U.S. 173            144,148,153
Blyew          v. U.S., 13 Wall. 581              206
Board of Assrs. v. C. N. D' E., 191 U.S. 388      40, 41
Board of Liquidation v. Louisiana, 179 U.S. 622        141
          v. McComb, 92 U.S. 531             263, 264
Board of Pub. Works v. Columbia College, 17 Wall. 521   284
Bock           v. Perkins, 139 U.S. 628      19, 206, 225, 272
Bolles         v. Brimfield, 120 U.S. 759         242
Bollman and Swartwout, Ex parte, 4 Cr. 75         243, 250
Bolin          v. Nebraska, 176 U.S. 83      2, 274
Bonaparte v. Tax Court, 104 U.S. 592         23, 42
Boom Co.  v. Patterson, 98 U.S. 403          210
Booth          v. Illinois, 184 U.S. 425          232, 279, 321
Borer          v. Chapman, 119 U.S. 587      265
Bors      v. Preston, 111 U.S. 252      221
Boske          v. Comingore, 177 U.S. 459    
18,206,215,224,225,238,270
Boswell's Lessee v. Otis, 9 How. 336              273, 285
Botiller  v. Dominguez, 130 U.S. 238         238
Bowman         v. C. & N. W. Ry., 125 U.S. 465         69, 94,
102
          v. Middleton, 1 Bay, (S.C.) 252         233
Boyce          v. Tabb, 18 Wall. 546              310
Boyd           v. Alabama, 94 U.S. 645       176
          v. Nebraska, 143 U.S.135           224, 291
          v. U.S., 116 U.S. 616              246
Boyd, Ex parte, 105 U.S. 647                 210
Boyer          v. Boyer, 113 U.S. 689             50
Boyle          v. Zaeharie, 6 Pet. 635            147, 151
Bradfield      v. Roberts, 175 U.S.291            309
Bradley   v. Lightcap,195 U.S.1              146, 276
          v. The People, 4 Wall. 459         49
Bradwell  v. State, 16 Wall 130              301, 311
Brass          v. North Dakota, 153 U.S. 391      98, 278, 315,
317
Breithaupt     v. Bank of Georgia, 1 Pet. 238          215
Brennan   v. Titusville, 153 U.S. 289        55, 92
Bridge Proprietors v. Hob oken Co., 1 Wall. 116        141,168
Brimmer   v. Rebman, 138 U.S. 78             54, 89, 91
Briscoe   v. Bank of Kentucky, 11 Pet. 257   3, 189, 190, 234,
262
Bristol   v. Washington County, 177 U.S. 133 22, 40, 41
Bronson   v. Kimpton, 8 Wall. 444            20
          v. Kinzie, 1 How. 311              146
          v. Rodes, 7 Wall. 229              20
Brown          v. Houston, 114 U.S. 622      54, 69, 90, 94, 104
          v. Huger, 21 How. 305              264
          v. Keene, 8 Pet. 112               215
          v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 449         28,43,62,88,93,94,23
5
          v. New Jersey, 175 U.S. 172        274,282,298,320,322
          v. Smart, 145 U.S. 454             139
          v. Trousdale, 138 U.S. 389         225
          v. Walker, 161 U.S. 591            111, 232, 252
          In re, 135 U.S. 701           143
Brownfield     v. South Carolina, 189 U.S. 426         313
Bryan          v. Board of Education, 151 U.S. 639     141, 165
          v. Virginia, 135 U.S. 685          147
B.T. Co.  v. B.B.R., 151 U.S. 137            276, 282
Bucher         v. C.R., 125 U.S. 555              210, 243, 282
Buck           v. Colbath, 3 Wall. 334       273
Buckner   v. Finley, 2 Pet. 586              2
Budd           v. New York, 143 U.S. 517          98, 101a, 278,
315
Burgess   v. Seligman, 107 U.S. 20           240, 242
Burlington     v. Beasley, 94 U.S. 310       24
Burthe         v. Denis, 133 U.S. 514             206, 224
Bush           v. Kentucky, 107 U.S. 110          216, 313
Butchers' Union v. C. C. Co., 111 U.S.            746 178
Butler         v. B. & S. S. Co., 130 U.S. 527    208, 209, 238
          v. Horwitz, 7 Wall. 258       20
          v. Pennsylvania, 10 How. 402       147, 179
Butterworth    v. Hoe, 112 U.S. 50                229
Buttfield      v. Stranahan, 192 U.S. 470         66, 232, 251
B. W. S. Co.   v. Mobile, 186 U.S. 212       165
Byers          v. McAuley, 149 U.S. 608           210, 266, 272
Byrne          v. Missouri, 8 Pet. 40             189
B. & 0. R.     v. Harris, 12 Wall. 65             215
          v. Maryland, 21 Wall. 456          23, 56, 102
B. & S. R.     v. Nesbit, 10 How. 395             182, 183
Cable          v. U.S. L. I. Co., 191 U.S. 288    307
Calder         v. Bull, 3 Dall. 386               182, 183, 184
Caldwell  v. Carrington, 9 Pet. 86           283
          v. North Carolina, 187 U.S. 622    55
          v. Texas, 137 U.S. 692             273
California     v. C. P. R., 127 U.S. 1       54, 103, 305
          v. S. P. Co., 157 U.S. 229         213
Callan         v. Wilson, 127 U.S. 540       10, 246, 252
Cameron   v. Hodges, 127 U.S. 322       210, 215
Campbell  v. Holt, 115 U.S. 620              279
          v. Wade, 132 U.S.34                148, 149
Cannon         v. New Orleans, 20 Wall. 577       44, 74, 76
Caperton  v. Ballard, 14 Wall. 238      283
Capron         v. Van Noorden, 2 Cr. 126          215
Cardwell  v. A. B. Co., 113 U.S. 205         84
Carneal   v. Banks, 10 Wheat. 181       2 38
Carpenter      v. Pennsylvania, 17 How. 456       41, 42, 182,
183
          v. Strange, 141 U.S. 87       285
Carroll County      v. Smith, Ill U.S. 556             242
Carson         v. Brocton S. Com., 182 U.S. 398   24, 2 77
Carstairs      v. Cochran, 193 U.S. 10       40
Carter         v. McClaughry, 183 U.S. 365        252
          v. Texas, 177 U.S. 442             295, 313, 319
Case           v. Kelly, 133 U.S. 21              243
Cates          v. Allen, 149 U.S. 451             255
C., B. & Q. R.      v. Chicago, 166 U.S. 226           101a ,
176, 257, 277
          v. Iowa, 94 U.S. 155               98, 176, 177
          v. Nebraska, 170 U.S. 57           141, 176, 177, 178
C.C.C.&St.L.Ry. v. Backus, 154 U.S. 439           40, 57, 103
          v. Illinois, 177 U.S. 514          101
C. C. D. Co.   v. Ohio, 183 U.S. 238              206,247,279,298
, 315
C. C. & A. R.  v. Gibbes, 142 U.S. 386       24, 278, 304, 314,
316
C. D. Co.      v. Shepherd, 20 How. 227           303
Central Nat. Bank v. Stevens, 169 U.S. 432        272
Central R.&B.Co. v. Wright, 164 U.S. 327          53, 162, 166
C. F. D. N.    v. Louisiana, 186 U.S. 380         so
Chadwick  v. Kelley, 187 U.S. 540       228, 316
Chandler  v. Dix, 194 U.S. 590               260
Chapman   v. Barney, 129 U.S. 677       215
     In re, 166 U.S. 661                     18
Chappell  v. U.S., 160 U.S. 499              19
          v. Waterwortb, 155 U.S. 102        215, 225
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 11 Pet. 544     174
Chemung Canal Bank v. Lowery, 93 U.S. 72          302
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 5 Pet. 135,           213, 229
          v. S. K. Ry., 135 U.S. 641         135, 253
Cherokee Tobacco, The, 11 Wall. 616               238
Chicago   v. Sheldon, 9 Wall. 50             52, 139, 162, 163
Chicago Theological Seminary v. Illinois, 188 U.S. 662  53, 166
China, The, 7 Wall. 53                       77
Chin Bak Kan   v. U.S., 186 U.S. 193              297
Chinese Exclusion Case, 130 U.S. 581              19, 238, 239,
296, 297
Chirac         v. Chirac, 2 Wheat. 259            238, 291
Chisholm  v. Georgia, 2 Dall. 419       205, 214, 258
Chittenden     v. Brewster, 2 Wall. 191           266
Christ Church  v. Philadelphia, 24 How. 300       164
Christmas      v. Russell, 5 Wall. 290       283
Christy, Ex parte, 3 How. 292                     268
Church         v. Hubbart, 2 Cr. 187              229
          v. Kelsey, 121 U.S. 282       179, 274
Chy Lung  v. Freeman, 92 U.S. 275       57, 105, 296
Citizens' Bank  v. Parker, 192 U.S. 73            52, 162, 166
Citizens' Savings Bank v. 0wensboro, 173 U.S. 636      53, 165,
166
Citizens' S. & L. Assn. v. Perry County, 156 U.S. 692  148
City           v. Lamson, 9 Wall. 477             139
City of Panama, 101 U.S. 453                 9
Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3                    323
Claflin   v. Houseman, 93 U.S. 130           218, 268, 269
Clark          v. Barnard, 108 U.S. 436           260, 265
          v. Bever, 139 U.S. 96              210, 242, 243
          v. Kansas City, 176 U, S. 114           320
          v. Titusville, 184 U.S. 329        41, 316
          Clarke, Ex parte, 100 U.S. 399          296
          v. Field, 138 U.S. 464             310
Co.       v. Laidley, 159 U.S. 103           140, 276
Cleveland      v. C. C. Ry., 194 U.S. 517         178
          v. C. E. Ry., 194 U.S. 538         178
C. L. 1. Co.   v. Needles, 113 U.S. 574           140, 175
Clinton   v. Englebrecht, 13 Wall. 434       9
Clinton Bridge, The, 10 Wall. 454            83
Close          v. Glenwood Cemetery, 107 U.S. 466      l65
C. M. Co.      v. Ferguson, 113 U.S. 727          234, 3O8
C. M. L. 1. Co. v. Cushman, 108 U.S. 51           143
          v. Spratley, 172 U.S. 602          142, 148, 176, 308
C.,M.&St.P.Ry.  v. Minnesota, 134 U.S. 418        101a,176,177,
278, 313
          v. Solan, 169 U.S. 133             99, 140, 148, 243
          v. Tompkins, 176 U.S. 167          101a, 278, 315
C.N.B.&L. Assn. v. Denson, 189 U.S. 408           3 08
C.N.0.&T.P. Ry. v. I. C. C., 162 U.S. 184         110, 111
Codlin         v. Kohlhausen, 181 U.S. 151        228
Coe       v. Errol, 116 U.S. 517             22, 41, 55, 69, 104
Cohens         v. Virginia, 6 Wheat. 264          204,205,206,210
,214,
                                   217,224,228, 236, 262
Cole           v. Cunningham, 133 U.S. 107        266, 283, 284
          v. La Grange, 113 U.S.
Collector      v. Day, 11 Wall. 113               39
Collet         v. Collet, 2 Dall. 294             291
Commercial Bank v. chambers, 182 U.S. 556         50
Commissioners of Tippecanoe v. Lucas 93 U.S. 108  275
Commonwealth    v. Caton, 4 Call, (Va.) 5         233
Conner         v. Elliot, 18 How. 593             301
Connolly  v. U.S.P. Co., 184 U.S. 540        41,126,204,233,314,3
16
Connors        v. U.S., 158 U.S. 40 8             296
Contzen        v. U.S., 179 U.S. 191              291
Converse, In re, 137 U.S. 624                     276
Conway         v. Taylor, 1 Bl. 603               82 100
Cook           v. Hart, 146 U.S. 183              195
          v. Moffat, 5 How. 295              147, 152
          v. Pennsylvania, 97 U.S. 566       43, 62, 88
          v. U.S., 138 U.S. 157              186, 254
Cook County    v. C. & C. C. & D. Co. 138 U.S. 635     224
Cooke          v. Avery, 147 U.S. 375             206
Cooley         v. Board of Wardens. 12 How. 299   69, 76
Cooper         v. Newell, 173 U. S: 555           283, 285, 287
          v. Reynolds, 10 Wall. 308          285
          In re, 143 U.S. 472                228
Corfield  v. Coryell, 4 Wash. C. C. 371           300
Cornell   v. Coyne, 192 U.S. 418             29, 73
Corson         v. Maryland, 120 U.S. 502          55, 91, 302
Cotting   v. K. C. S. Y. co., 183, U.S. 79   278, 313
Coughran  v. Bigelow, 164 U.S. 301           256
Counselman     v. Hitchcock, 142 U.S. 547         110
County of Livingston v. Darlington, 101 U.S. 407  24
County of Mobile v. Kimball, 102 U.S. 691         62, 169, 85, 86
County of Moultrie v. Rockingham T. C. S. Bank, 92 U.S. 631 138,
148, 154
County of Ralls v. Douglass , 105 U.S. 728        139
Covell         v. Heyman, Ill U.S. 176       271. 272
Covington      v. Kentucky, 173 U.S. 231          165
Cowles         v. Mercer County, 7 Wall. 118           305
Coy, In re, 127 U.S. 731                296
C. P. Co.      v. Beckwitb, 188 U.S. 567          282
C. P. R.  v. California, 162 U.S. 91         47
          v. Nevada, 162 U.S. 512       46
Craig          v. Missouri, 4 Pet, 411       189
Crandall  v. Nevada 6 U.S. 47                55, 56, 93, 105, 305
C. Ry.         v. R ., 166 U.S. 557               163. 165
C. R. & B. Co.      v. Wright, 164 U.S. 327       53, 162, 166
C. S. Ry.      v. Gebhard, 109 U.S. 527           308
          v. Snell, 193 U.S. 30              318
          v. Wright, 151 U.S. 470       317
C. T. Co. v. Hof, 174 U.S. 1            10, 257
          v. Lander, 184 U.S. 1ll       45, 48
Cumming   v. Board of Education, 175 U.S. 528     298, 322
Cummings  v. Chicago, 188 U.S. 410      83
          v. Missouri, 4 Wall. 277           184, 185, 187. 188
          v. National Bank, 101 U.S. 153          51
Cunningham     v. M. & B. R., 109 U.S. 446        260
Curran         v. Arkansas, 15 How. 304           169, 262
Curtis         v. Whitney, 13 Wall. 68       144
     Ex parte, 106 U.S. 371                  19
C. & A. R.     v. W. F. Co., 108 U.S. 18          283
          v. W. F. Co., 119 U.S. 615         229, 230. 282
C. & B. Co.    v. New Orleans, 99 U.S. 97         45
Crenshaw  v. U.S., 134 U.S. 99               17
C.,R.I.& P. Ry. v. Sturm, 174 U.S. 710            28
          v. Zernecke, 183 U.S. 582          27
Cronin         v. Adams, 192 U.S. 108             27
Cross          v. Allen, 141 U.S. 528             210, 242, 243,
28
          v. Harrison, 16 How. 164           2
          v. North Carolina, 132 U.S. 131    269 272, 276
Crossley  v. California,' 168 U.S. 640       225 269
Crossman  v. Lurman, 192 U.S. 189       96, 100
Crow Dog, Ex parte, 109 U.S. 556             136
Crowley   v. Christensen, 137 U.S. 86        322
Cruickshank    v. Bidwell, 176 U.S. 73            229
Crutcher  v. Kentucky, 141 U.S. 47           55,56,93,105,305
C. & C. B. Co.  v. Kentucky, 154 U.S. 204         66, 70, 84, 169
C. & G. T. Ry.  v. Wellman, 143 U.S. 339          101a, 278
C. & L. T. R. Co. v. Sandford, 164 U.S. 578       53, 101a, 168,
174,      
                                   175 178, 304, 314, 315
C. & N. W. Ry.  v. Chicago, 164 U.S. 454          224
C. & 0. Ry.    v. Kentucky, 179 U.S. 388          78, 98
Daniel Ball, The, 10 Wall. 557                    68, 77, 82, 209
D'Arcy         v. Ketchum, 11 How. 165       284
Darrington     v. Bank of Alabama, 13 How. 12          190
Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518       147, 170, 178
Davenport Bank      v. Davenport, 123 U.S. 83          49
Davidson  v. New Orleans, 96 U.S. 97         247, 277
Davis     v. Beason, 133 U.S. 333       309
          v. Burke, 179 U.S. 399             225 274
          v. Elmira Savings Bank, 161 U.S. 275    271
          v. Gray, 16 Wall. 203              161, 259, 263
          v. Massachusetts, 167 U.S. 43           280
          v. Packard, 7 Pet. 276             269
Day       v. Gallup, 2 Wall. 97              273
D. C. & I. Co.      v. Barton, 183 U.S. 23        304
Debs, In re, 158 U.S. 564                    4, 126, 246, 274
          In re. 64 Fed. 724            126
Decatur   v. Paulding, 14 Pet. 497           229
Delaware R. Tax Case, 18 Wall. 206                53, 566, 102,
174
De Limia  v. Bidwell, 182, U.S. 1       11,19,27,38,229, 238
Delmas    v. Ins. Co., 14 Wall. 661          140, 141, 146
Den       v. Jersey Co., 15 How. 426         71
Dennick   v. R. Co., 103 U.S. 11             210
Denny     v. Bennett, 128 U.S. 489           139, 153
          v. Pironi, 141 U.S. 121       215
Dent           v. West Virginia 129 U.S. 114           278
Deposit Bank   v. Frankfort, 191 U.S. 499         289
De Saussure    v. Gaillard, 127 U.S. 216          224
De Treville    v. Smalls, 98 U.S. 517             35
Detroit   v. D. C. S. R., 184 U.S. 368       139, 178
          v. Parker, 181 U.S. 399       273, 277, 316
Dewey          v. Des Moines, 173 U.S. 193        22, 24, 224,
273
D. G. Co.      v. U.S. G. Co., 187 U.S. 611       140, 304, 306
Dial           v. Reynolds, 96 U.S. 340           266
Dietzsch  v. Huidekoper, 103 U.S. 494        267
Diggs          v. Wolcott, 4 Cr. 179              266
D. M. Co.      v. Ontonagon, 188 U.S. 82          55
Dobbins   v. Commissioners, 16 Pet. 435           44
Dodge          v. Woolsey, IS How. 331       204
Doe       v. Beebe, 13 How. 25               299
Dooley    v. Pease, 180 U.S. 126             210, 241, 243
          v. Smith, 13 Wall. 604             21
          v. U.T. S., 183 U.S. 151           11, 19, 28, 73
Dorr      v. U.S., 195 U.S. 138              11, 12
Douglas   v. Kentucky, 168 U.S. 488          141, 178
Douglass  v. County of Pike, 101 U.S. 677    139
Dow       v. Beidelman, 125 U.S. 680         101a, 278, 315
Downes    v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244           1,4,11,13,19,27,37,2
34
Downham   v. Alexandria Council, 10 Wall. 173     55, 92, 3O2
Doyle          v. C. 1. Co., 94 U.S. 535          307
Dred Scott     v. Sandford, 19 How. 393           8, 215,
231,.291, 292
Drehman   v. Stifle, 8 Wall. 595             144
Dreyer         v. Illinois, 187 U.S. 71           224, 252, 280
Ducat          v. Chicago, 10 Wall. 410           63, 305, 306
Duncan    v. Darst, 1 How. 301               271
          v. Missouri, 152 U.S. 377     
184,187,274,275,298,322
Dupasseur      v. Rochereau, 21 Wall. 130         289
Durousseau     v. U.S., 6 Cr. 307            223
Dynes          v. Hoover, 20 How. 65              244
D. & H. C. Co.  v. Pennsylvania. 156 U.S. 200          22, 23, 4
Eagle, The, 8 Wall. 15                       20
Earle     v. Conway, 178 U.S. 456       271, 272
          v. Pennsylvania, 178 U.S. 449      272
East Hartford  v. H. Bridge Co, 10 How. 511       170
Easton         v. Iowa, 188 U.S. 220              238, 269
E. B. & L. Assn. v. Ebaugh, 185 U.S. 114           282
          v. Williamson, 189 U.S.       122
Edwards   v. Elliott, 21 Wall. 282           532, 208, 243, 255,
                                   266, 269
          v. Kearzey 96, U.S. 595       138
Effinger  v. Kenney, 115 U.S. 566       146
E. I. Co.      v. Ohio 153 U.S. 446               176
Eilenbecker    v. Plymouth County 134 U.S. 31          274, 298
Eldridge  v. Trezevant, 160 U.S. 452         278, 280, 317
Elk       v. Wilkins, 112 U.S. 94       291
E, L. L, CO.   v. Brown. 155 U.S. 488             1, 215, 225
Ellenwood      v. M. C. Co., 158 U.S. 105         1, 210, 243
Elliott   v. Peirsol, 1 Pet. 328             284
Elmendorf      v. Taylor, 10 Wheat 152       282
Emblen         v. L. L. Co., 184 U.S. 660         253
Embry          v. Palmer, 107 U.S. 3              18, 289
Emert          v. Missouri, 156 U.S. 296          55, 90, 92. 303
Ennis          v. Smith, 14 How., 400             229, 285
Erb       v. Morasch, 177 U.S. 584           99, 282, 283
Erie, Ry.      v. Penna., 21 Wall. 492       53, 174
Erwin          v. Lowry, 7 How. 172               267, 272
E. Ry.         v. Pennsylvania, 15 Wall. 282           58, 105
Escanaba Co.    v. Chicago, 107 U.S. 678          84, 100
Essex Pub. Road Board v. Skinkle, 140 U.S. 334         170
Etheridge      v. Sperry, 139 U.S. 266             224, 270, 272
E.T.V. & G. Ry. v. I. C. C., 181 U.S. 1           113
Eustis         v. Bolles, 150 U.S. 361       22
Evansville Bank v. Britton, 105 U.S. 322          5
Ewell          v. Daggs, 108 U.S. 143             14
Ex parte  Bain, 121 U.S. 1                   247
          Bollman   and Swartwout, 4 Cr. 75       243, 25
          Boyd, 105 U.S. 647                 210
          Christy, 3 How., 292                    268
          Clarke, 100 U.S. 399                    296
          Crow Dog, 109 U.S. 556                  136
          Curtis, 106 U.S. 371                    19
          Ferry Co., 104 U.S. 519            208, 243
          Fonda, 117 U.S. 516                     18
          Garland, 4 Wall. 333                    185, 188
          Gordon, 104 U.S. 515                    208, 243
          Jackson, 96 U.S. 727                    18
          Kearney, 7 wheat. 38                    250
          Lange, 18 Wall. 163                250, 252
          Madrazzo, 7 Pet. 627                    261
          Mason, 105 U.S. 696                244
          McNiel, 13 Wall. 236                    76, 266
          Milligan, 4 Wall. 2                     244, 245, 250
          Parks, 93 U.S. 18                  250
          Reggel 4 U. 642                    193, 195
          Royall, 117 U.S. 241                    18, 225
          Siebold, 100 U.S. 371                   296
          Terry, 128 U.S. 289                250, 254
          Virginia, 100 U.S. 339                  295, 313
          Wall, 107 U.S. 265                 247
          Wells, 18 How. 307                 250
          Wilson 114 U.S. 417                     247
          Yarbrough, 110 U.S. 651            18, 19, 250, 293,
296
Express Co.    v. Kountze Bros., 8 Wall. 342           303
Eyster         v. Gaff, 91 U.S. 521               268
Fairbank  v. U.S., 181 U.S. 283              28, 30, 64, 74, 232
Fallbrook Irr. Dist. v. Bradley, 164 U.S. 112          24, 277,
282
Fanning   v. Gregoire, 16 How. 524      82, 100, 175
Fargo          v. Hart, 193 U.S. 490              40, 57, 103
          v. Michigan, 121 U.S. 230          58, 105
Farmers & Meehanical Bank v. Smith, 6 Wheat. 131  147, 150, 152
Farrington     v. Tennessee, 95 U.S. 679          162
F. C. & P. R.  v. Reynolds, 183 U.S. 471          316, 321
Felsenheld     v. U.S., 186 U.S. 126              70
Ferguson  v. Harwood, 7 Cr. 408              283
Ferry Co., Ex parte, 104 U.S. 519            208, 243
Fertilizing Co. v. Hyde Paxit, 97 U.S. 659        176, 178
F. G. L. S. Co. v. Springer, 185 U.S. 47          206
Ficklen   v. Shelby County, 145 U.S. 1       55, 92, 303
Field          v. B. A. P. Co., 194 U.S. 618           277, 316
Fielden   v. Illinois, 143 U.S. 452          280
Filhiol   v. Maurice, 185 U.S. 108           206
Finney         v. Guy, 189 U.S. 335               282
First National Bank v. Ayers, 160 U.S. 660        50
          v. Louisville, 174 U.S. 438        51
Fischer   v. St. Louis, 194 U.S. 361         279, 321
Fisk           v. Jefferson Police Jury, 116 U.S. 131  138, 148,
154, 179
Fitts          v. McGhee, 172 U.S. 516       263
Fleming   v. Page, 9 How. 603                26
Fletcher  v. Peck, 6 Cr. 87             147, 160,4K, 184, 232
Florida   v. Georgia, 11 How. 293;           17 id. 478 191, 211
F. L. R.  v. Lowe, 114 U.S. 525              46
P. M. L. Assn.      v. Mettler, 185 U.S. 308           313, 318
Fok Yung Yo    v. U.S., 185 U.S. 296              229, 297
Fonda, Ex part, 117 U.S. 516                 18
Fong Yue Ting  v. U.S., 149 U.S. 698              19, 238, 254,
297
Forbes         v. Gracey, 94 U.S. 762             46
Ford      v. D. & P. L. Co., 164 U.S. 662    24, 53, 166, 167
          v. Surget, 97 U.S. 594             139, 191
Foster    v. Davenport, 22 How. 244          77, 79, 101
          v. Kansas, 112 U.S. 201       100
          v. Master & Wardens of New Orleans, 94 U.S. 246 75
          v. Neilson, 2 Pet. 253             238
Fourteen Diamond Rings, Pepke, Claimant, v. U.S., 183 U.S. 176
11, 27, 38
Fouvergne      v. New Orleans, 18 How. 470        210
Fowler         v. Lindsey, 3 Dall. 411       262
Fox       v. Ohio, 5 How. 432                269
Francis Wright, The, 105 U.S. 381            223
Frederich, In re, 149 U.S. 70 215,                225
Frederickson   v. Louisiana, 23 How. 445          239
Freeborn  v. Smith, 2 Wall. 160              183
Freeland  v. Williams, 131 U.S. 405          148, 154, 274
Freeman   v. Alderson, 119 U.S. 185          285
          v. Howe, 24 How.450                271, 272
Fremont   v. U.S., 17 How. 542               230
French    v. B. A. P. Co., 181 U.S. 324           24, 277, 316
          v. Hay, 22 Wall. 250               267
Fretz          v. Bull, 12 How. 466               209
Friedlander    v. T. & P. Ry., 130 U.S. 416       210, 243, 282
Fritts         v. Palmer, 132 U. S . 282          308
Furman         v. Nichol, 8 Wall. 44              169
F. W. Co.      v. Freeport City, 180 U.S. 587          141,169,17
6, 177, 178
F. & C. P. R.  v. Reynolds, 183 U.S. 471          40, 41
F. & M. Bank   v. Sm;th, 6 Wheat. 131             147, 150, 152
F. & M. C. Co. v. Fitzgerald, 137 U.S. 98         308
F. & M. I. Co. v. Dobney, 189 U.S. 301       313, 318
Gablenian      v. P., D. & E. Ry., 179 U.S. 335   206, 270
Gaines         v. Fuentes, 92 U.S. 10             210
Gallup         v. Schmidt, 183 U.S. 300           273, 277
Gantly         v. Ewing, 3 How. 707               146
Garland, Ex parte, 4 Wall. 333                    185, 188
G., C. & S. F. Ry. v. Ellis, 165 U.S. 150         278, 304, 313,
314
          v. Hefley, 158 U.S. 98             101, 113, 217, 238
Geer      v. Connecticut, 1161 U.S. 519           72, 301
Gelpeke   v. Dubuque, 1 Wall. 175       139, 242
Gelston   v. Hoyt, 3 Wheat. 246              217, 228, 270
Genesee Chief, The, v. Fitzhugh, 12 How. 443           206, 209
Geofroy   v. Riggs, 133 U.S. 258             238
Georgia   v. Brailsford, 2 Dall. 402         260
          v. Stanton, 6 Wall. 50             229
Georgia, Governor of, v. Madrazo, I Pet. 110           260, 261
G. F. C..      v. Pennsylvamia, 114 U.S. 196           57, 82,
106
Gibbons   v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1               15, 54, 62, 64,
66,69,                                  77, 89, 97, 234, 235
Gibson         v. Mississippi, 162 U.S. 565       184, 186, 295,
313
Giles          v. Harris, 189 U.S. 475       293, 294
          v. Teasley, 193 U.S. 146           293 295
Gilfillan      v. U. C. Co., 109 U.S. 401         143
Gilman         v. Philadelphia, 3 Wall. 713       484, 217
          v. Sheboygan, 2 Bl. 510       24, 154
Ginesi         v. Cooper, 14 Ch. Divs 601         237
Giozza         v. Tiernan, 148 U.S. 657           41, 273, 298,
316, 317
Gladson   v. Minnesota, 166 U.S. 427         99, 101
Glass          v. Sloop Betsey, 3 Dall. 6         284
Glenn          v. Garth, 147 U.S. 360             282
Glidden   v. Harrington, 189 U.S. 255        277
Glide, The, 167 U.S. 606                     209
Godfrey   v. Terry, 97 U.S. 171              215
Gonzales  v. Williams, 192 U.S. 1       298
Good           v. Martin, 95 U.S. 90              9
Goodrich  v. Detroit, 184 U.S. 432           24, 277
Goodtitle      v. Kibbe, 9 How. 471               299
Goodwin   v. C.M.I. Co. 110 U.S. 1      307
Gordon         v. U.S., 2 Wall. 561               223
Ex parte, 104 U.S. 515                       208, 243
Governor of Georgia v. Madrazo, I Pet. 110        260, 261
Grace          v. A. C. I. Co., 109 U.S. 278           215
Grand Lodge    v. New Orleans, 166 U. S . 143          164
Gray           v. Connecticut, 159 U.S. 74        298
Green          v. Biddle, 8 Wheat. 1              142, 161, 169
          v. Creighton, 23 How. 90           271
     In re, 134 U.S. 377                     296
Greenwood      v. Freight Co., 105 U.S. 13        165
Grisar         v. McDowell, 6 Wall. 363           264
Gross          v. U. S Mtge. Co., 108 U.S. 477    143, 279
Groves         v. Slaughter, 15 Pet. 449          292, 299
G. R. & 13. Co. v. Smith, 123 U.S. 174            175, 176, 177
G. R. & I. Ry.      v. Osborn, 19& U.S. 17             174, 175,
178
G. S. F. H. Co. v. Jones, 193 U.S. 532            240, 280
G. S. & L. S.  v. Dormitzer, 192 U.S. 125         284, 286
Guarantee Co.  v. Board of Liquidation, 105 U.S. 622   144
Gundling  v. Chicago, 177 U.S. 183           322
Gunn           v. Barry, 15 Wall. 610             138, 146
Gunnison County Comrs. v. Rollins, 173 U.S. 255   148, 149
Gut       v. The State, 9 Wall. 35           186
Guthrie Nat. Bank v. Guthrie 173 U.S. 528         256
Guy       v. Baltimore, 100 U.S. 434         55, 87, 90. 302
G. W. & W. Co.  v. Keyes, 96 U.S. 199             206
G. & B. S. M. Co. v. Radcliffe, 1[2]7 U.S. 287         285
G. & S. R.     v. Rewes, 183 U.S. 66              53, 140, 150,
162,164,
                                   165,167
Hackett   v. Ottawa, 99 U.S. 86              25
Hagan          v. Lucas 10 Pet. 400               267, 272
Hagar          v. Reclamation District, 111 U.S. 701   20, 277
Hagood         v. Southern, 117 U.S. 52           260
Haines         v. CarPenter, 91 U.S. 254          266
Hale           v. Akers, 132 U.S. 544             224
          v. Lewis, 181 U.S. 473             224
Hall           v. De Cuir, 95 U.S. 485       78
          v. Wisconsin, 103 U.S. 5           169
Hallinger      v. Davis, 146 U.S. 314             274
Hamilton  v. Dillin, 21 Wall. 73             18
          v. V., S. & P. R., 119 U.S. 280    84
Hamilton Co.   v. Massachusetts, 6 Wall. 632           45
Hammond   v. Johnston, 142 U.S. 73           224
Hampton   v. McConnel, 3 Wheat. 234          283
Hancock Nat. Bank v. Farnum, 176 U.S. 64O         288
Hanford   v. Davies, 163 U.S. 273       139, 140
Hanley         v. Donoghue, 116 U.S. 1       230, 284 617 68, 102
Hanover Nat. Bank v. Moyses, 186 U.S. 181         138, 251, 274
Hans           v. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1           181, 205, 262,
263
Hans Nielsen, Petitioner , 131 U.S. 176           250
Hardin         v. Jordan, 140 U.S. 371       72
Hare           v. L. & N. R., & H. Ch. 80         131
Harkrader      v. Wadley, 172 U.S. 148       225, 266, 272
Harman         v. Chicago, 147 U.S. 396           23, 87, 106
Harris         v. Dennie, 3 Pet. 292              270
          v. Hardeman, 14 How. 334           273, 284
Hartman   v. Greenhow. 102 U.S. 672          169
Hauenstein     v. Lynham , 100 U.S. 483      238
Havemeyer      v. Iowa Coil -ty, 3 Wall. 294           139
Haver          v. Yaker, 9 Wall . 32              239
Hawaii         v. Mankichi, 190 U. S 197          12, 13
Hawthorne      v. Calef, 2 Wall. 10               147
Hayburn's Case, 2 Dall. 409                  221, 223
Hayes          v. Missouri, 120 U.S. 68           320
          v. Pratt, 147 U.S. 557             210
Hays           v. P. M. S. S. Co., 17 How. 596    57, 103, 106
H. Bridge Co.  v. Henderson City, 141 U.S. 679    140
          v. Henderson City, 173 U.S. 592    278
Head           v. A. Mfg. Co., 113 U.S. 9         277
          v. University, 19 Wall. 526        180
Head Money Cases, The, 112 U.S. 580               23, 36, 40,
102, 238
Heidritter     v. Elizabeth Oil Cloth Co., 112 U.S. 294 272
Henderson      v. Mayor of N. Y., 92 U.S. 259          57, 105,
237
Hennington     v. Georgia, 163 U.S. 299           98 603 20
          v. The School Directors, 23 Wall. 480   50, 51
F. I. Co.      v. C., M. & St. P. Ry., 175 U.S. 91     210, 241,
243
G. L. Co.      v. Hamilton City, 146 U.S. 258          148, 165,
175
Hibben         v. Smith, 191 U.S. 310             277
Hickey's Lessee v. Stewart, 3 How. 750            284
H. I. Co.      v. Augusta, 93 U.S. 116       53, 174
          v. Morse, 20 Wall. 445             307
          v. New York, 134 U.S. 594          45, 316
Higgins   v. Butcher, Yelvs 89               208
Hills          v. Exchange Bank, 105 U.S. 319          51
Hilton         v. Guyot 159 U.S. 113              281
Hine, The,     v. Trevor, 4 Wall. 555             208, 209, 269
Hinson         v. Lott, 8 Wall. 148               55, 92, 302
H. M. L. I. Co. v. Warren, 181 U.S. 73            320
Hobart         v. Drogan, 10 Pet. 108             209, 266
Hodgson   v. Vermont, 168 U.S. 262      274
Holden         v. Hardy 169 U.S. 366              248,274,278,298
,314,     
                                   319
          v. Minnesota, 137 U.S. 483         187, 28
Holland   v. Challen, 110 U.S. 15       243
Hollingsworth  v. Virginia, 3 Dall. 378      258
Hollins   v. B. C * I. Co., 150 U.S. 371          243, 265
Holmes         v. Jennison, 14 Pet. 540           191, 292, 299
          v. Walton, 9 N. J. L. 427          233
Holt           v. I. Mfg. Co., 176 U.S. 68        206, 270
Holyoke Co.    v. Lyman, 15 Wall. 500             166
Home Ins. Co.   v. Augusta, 93 U.S. 116           53, 174
          v. New York, 134 U.S. 594          45
Hooe           v. Jamieson, l66 U.S. 395          210
Hooker         v. Burr, 194 U.S. 415              143, 146
          v. Los Angeles, 188 U.S. 314       224, 276, 277
Hooper         v. California, 155 U.S. 648        63 304, 306
Hopkins   v. McLure, 133 U.S. 380            224
          v. U.S., 171 U.S. 578              67, 123, 125, 128
Hopt           v. People, 104 U.S. 631       251
          v. Utah, 110 U.S. 574              186, 251
          v. Utah, 114 U.S. 488,             120 id. 430 251
Hornbuckle     v. Toombs, 18 Wall . 648           9
Horner         v. U.S. 143 U.S. 570               238
Hornthall      v. The Collector 9 Wall. 560       215
Houston   v. Moore, 5 Wheat. 1               4, 217,   244, 268
Howard         v. De Cordova, 177 U.S. 609        285
          v. Fleming, 191 U.S. 126           224, 258, 322
          v. U.S. 184 U.S. 676               206
Hoyt           v. Sprague, 103 U.S. 613           299
H. S. M. Co.   v. New York, 143 U.S. 305          304, 305, 306.
315
Hughes         v. Edwards, 9 Wheat 489       238
Huling         v. K. V. Ry. & Imp. Co., 130 U.S. 559   277
Humphrey  v. Pegues, 16 Wall. 244       162, 163, 167
Hunt           v. Hunt, 131 U.S. clxv             148
          v. Palao, 4 How. 589               223
Huntington     v. Attrill, 146 U.S. 657           288
Hurtado   v. California, 110 U.S. 517        274
Huse           v. Glover, 119 U.S. 543       23, 84, 87
Hyatt          v.  People. 188 U.S. 691           195
Hyde           v. Stone, 20 How. 170              210, 271
Hylton         v. U.S., 3 Dall. 171               30, 34
H. & T. C. R.   v. Texas, 177 U.S. 66             141, 148, 149,
190,
                                   215, 232
H. & T. C.     v. Texas, 170 U.S. 243             139, 161
I. C. C.  v. A. M. Ry., 168 U.S. 144         110, 112
          v. A., T. & S. F. R. 149 U.S. 264  110,
          v. Baird, 194 U.S. 25              113
          v. Brimson, 154 U.S. 447           109, 110
          v. B. & O. R., 145 U.S. 263        111
          v. C., N. O. & T. P. Ry., 167 U.S. 479  110
          v. D., G. H. & M. Ry., 167 U.S. 633     111
          v. L. & N. R., 190 U.S. 273        113
I. C. R.  v. Adams, 180 U.S. 28              263
          v. Chicago, 176 U.S. 646           141
          v. Decatur 147 U.S. 190       24
          v. Illinols, 146 U.S. 387          71, 148, 149
          v. Illinois, 163 U.S. 142          99, 101
          v. Illinois, 184 U.S. 77           71 149
I. C. Ry.,      v. Iowa, 160 U.S. 389             273, 274, 276
I.C. & I Co.   v. Gibney, 160 U.S. 217            215
I.L.I. Co.      v. Lewis, 187 U.S. 335            313, 318
Indiana        v. Kentucky, 136 U.S. 479          211
In re Ayers, 123 U.S. 443                    180, 261
     Blake, 175 U.S. 114                     267
     Brown, 135 U.S. 701                     143
     Chapman, 166 U.S. 661                   18
     Converse, 137 U.S. 624                  276
     Cooper, 143 U.S. 472                    228
     Coy, 127 U.S. 731                  296
In re Debs, 158 U.S. 564                     4, 126, 246, 274
     Debs, 64 Fed. 724                  126
     Duncan, 139 U.S. 449                    225, 282
     Frederich, 149 U.S. 70                  215, 225
     Garnett, 141 U.S. 1                     207, 243
     Green, 134 U.S. 377                     296
     Hans Nielsen, 131 U.S. 176              250
     Kemmler, 136 U.S. 436                   257, 273, 298
     Lennon, 166 U.S. 548                    206
     Lockwood, 154 U.S. 116                  298
     Loney, 134 U.S. 372                     215, 225, 270
     Manning, 139 U.S. 504                   276, 322
     McKenzie, Petitioner, 180 U.S. 536           250
     Neagle, 135 U.S. 1                 18, 19, 206, 215, 225,
                                   266, 270
     Quarles and Butler, 158 U.S. 532        19
     Rahrer, 140 U.S. 545                    96
     Rapier, 143 U.S. 110                    18, 309
     Ross, 140 U.S. 453                 19, 246
     Shibuya Jugiro, 140 U.S. 291            313
     Swan, 150 U.S. 637                 250
     Tyler, 149 U.S. 164                     272
     Watts and Sachs, 190 U.S. 1             266
Iowa           v. Illinois, 147 U.S. 1            211
I. S. S. Co.   v. Tinker, 94 U.S. 238             44, 75
Jackson   v. Chew, 12 Wheat. 153             241
          v. Lamphire, 3 Pet. 280       143
     Ex parte, 96 U.S. 727                   18
Jackne         v. New York, 128 U.S. 189          187
James          v. Bowman, 190 U.S. 127       293
James Gray, The v. The John Fraser, 21 How. 184   78, 100
Japanese Immigrant Case, 189 U.S. 86              19, 232, 251,
297
Jefferson Branch Bank v. Skelly, 1 Bl. 436        52, 141, 162,
175
Jennings  v. C. R. C. Co., 147 U.S. 147           41, 43, 316
Johnson   v. N. Y. L. I. Co.,  187 U.S. 491  282
          v. Powers, 139 U.S. 156       285 288
Johnson   v. Risk 137 U.S. 300               224
          v. Sayre, 158 U.S. 109             244, 247
Jones          v. Andrews, 10 Wall. 327           215
          v. Brim, 165 U.S. 180              274, 318
          v. Soulard, 24 How. 41             71
          v. U.S., 137 U.S. 202              216, 2 28
Joplin         v. S. M. L. Co., 191 U.S. 150           175
Juilliard      v. Greenman, 110 U.S. 421          4, 19, 21, ?.34
Justices, The,      v. Murray, 9 Wall. 274             257
Kansas         v. Colorado, 185 U.S. 125          212
Kansas Indians, 5 Wall. 737                  45
Kate, The, 164 U.S. 458                 208
Kauffman  v. Wooters, 138 U.S. 285           73
Kearney, Ex parte, 7 Wheat. 38                    250
Keith          v. Clark, 97 U.S. 454              2, 138, IL69
Kelley         v. Rhoads, 188 U.S. 1              55, 57, 71
Kelly v. Pittsburgh, 104 U.S. 78             24, 247, 277
Kemmler, In re, 136 U.S. 436                 257, 273, 298
Kendall   v. U.S., 12 Pet. 521               229
Kennard   v. Nebraska, 186 U.S. 304          206
Kennett   v. Chambers, 14 How. 38       228
Kentucky  v. Dennison, 24 How. 66       193,194, 204, 213, 260
Kentucky R. Tax Cases, 115 U.S. 321               277, 316
Kepner         v. U.S., 195 U.S. 100              251, 252
Keyes          v. U.S., 109 U.S. 336              244
K. I. Co.      v. Ilarbison, 183 U.S. 13          176, 279
Kidd           v. Alabama, 188 U.S. 730           41, 306, 316
          v. Pearson, 128 U.S. 1             278
Kilbourn  v. Thompson, 103 U.S. 168          18
Kimmish   v. Ball, 129 U.S. 217              81, 300
King           v. Mullins, 171 U.S. 404           40, 277
          v. Portland, 184 U.S. 610
Kirtland  v. Hotchkiss 100 U.S. 491          23, 41, 42
Knatchbull     v. Hallett , l3 Ch. Divs 712       237
Knowles   v. G. & C. Co., 19 Wall. 58        283, 287
Knowlton  v. Moore, 178 U.S. 41              31, 36
Knox           v. Exchange Bank, 12 Wall. 379          140
Koenigsberger  v. R. S. M. Co., 158 U.S. 41       210
Kohl           v. U.S., 91 U.S. 367               19
Koshkonong     v. Burton, 104 U.S. 668       143, 146
K. P. R.  v. A., T. & S. F. R.;  112 U.S. 414     206
Kreiger   v. Shelbv R., 125 U.S. 39          140
Kring          v. Missouri, 107 U.S. 221          184, 185
Krippendorf    v. Hyde, 110 U.S. 276              273
K. W. CO.      v. Knoxville, 189 U.S. 434         140, 178, 278
K. W. P. Co.   v. G. B. & M. C. Co., 142 U.S. 254      215, 277,
278
K. & H. Bridge CO. v. Illinois 175 U.S. 626       54 85
K. & W. R.     v. Missouri 152 U.S. 301      53, 150, 174
Laing          v. Rigney, 160 U.S. 531       282
Lake County    v. Graham, 130 U.S. 674       148, 149, 150
          v. Rollins, 130 U.S. 662           139, 148, 149
Lammon         v. Feusier, ill U.S. 17       273
Lampasas  v. Bell, 180 U.S. 276              206, 228
Landes         v. Brant, 1G How. 348              283
Lane County    v. 7 Wall. 71                 20
Lange, Ex parte, 18 Wall. 163                     250, 252
Langford  v. U.S., 101 Ti. S. 341       3
Lascelles      v. Georgia, 148 U.S. 537           194
L. A. S. M. CO. v. U.S., 175  U.S. 423            228
Lawler         v. Walker, 14 How. 149             215
Lawton         v. Steele, 152 U.S. L. C. 133           274
L., C. & C. R.      v. Letson. 2 How. 497              262, 303
League         v. De Young, 11 How.185       138, 143
          v. Texas, 184 U.S. 156             40, 182, 183, 277
Leeper         v. Texas, 139 U.S. 462             273, 282
Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wall. 457             19, 20, 232
Leigh          v. Green, 193 U.S. 79              277
Leisy          v. Hardin, 135 U.S. 100       69, 91, 94, 96, 100
Leloup         v. Port of Mobile, 127 U.S. 640    56, 135
Lem Moon Sing  v. U.S., 158 U.S. 538              19
Lennon, In re, 166 U.S. 548                  206
Lent           v. Tillson, 140 U.S. 316      276, 277
Leon           v. Galceran, 11 W 185              269
Leovy          v. U.S., 177 U.S. 621              82, 84
Leroux         v. Hudson, 109 U.S.468             266
Lessee of Hickey v. Stewart, 3 How. 750           284
L. G. Co.      v. C. G. Co., 115 U.S. 683         169
L. G. L. Co.   v. Murphy, 170 U.S. 78             177
License Cases, 5 How. 504                    65, 95, 100
License Tax Cases, 5 Wall. 462                    26, 53, 70, 174
L. I. Co.      v. French, 18 How. 404        284, 286, 306
          v. Massachusetts, 10 Wall.566           63, 303, 305,
306
Lincoln   v. Power, 151 U.S.436              265
Lincoln County      v. Luning, 133                     262
Lionberger     v. Rouse 9 Wall 468           49
Li Sing   v. U.S., 180 U.S. 486              297
Livingston     v. M. I. Co., 6 Cr. 274       229
          v. Moore, 7 Pet. 469               182, 183
          v. Story, 9 Pet. 632               243
L. I. W. CO.   v. Brooklyn, 166 U.S. 685          176, 277
Lloyd          v. Matthews, 155 U.S. 222          282
L. N. A. & C. Ry. v. L. T. Co., 174 U.S. 552           303, 305
L., N. 0. & T. Ry. v. Mississippi 133 U.S. 587         78, 98
Loan Assn.     v. Topeka, 20 Wall. 655       24
Locke          v. New Orleans, 4 Wall.172         183
Lockwood, In re, 154 U.S. 116                     298
Loeb           v. Columbia Township Trustees, 179 U.S. 472 139
Logan          v. U.S., 144 U.S. 263              4, 19
Loney, In re, 134 U.S. 372                   215, 225, 270
Looker         v. Maynard, 179 U.S. 46            165
Lord           v. S. S. Co., 102 U.S.541          68, 207
Los Angeles    v. L. A. W. Co., 177 U.S. 558      148, 169, 178
Lottawanna, The, 21 Wall. 558                     207, 208, 243,
266
Lottery Case, 188 U.S. 321                   64 119
Loughborough   v. Blake, 5 Wheat. 317             9, 18, 27, 37
Louisiana      v. Jumel, 107 U.S. 711             260, 261
          v. Mayor of New Orleans, 109 U.S. 285   147, 148, 154,
275
          v. New Orleans, 102 U.S. 203       148, 153, 155
          v. Pilsbury, 105 U.S. 278          148, 153, 155
          v. Steele, 134 U.S. 230            260, 262
          v. Texas, 176 U.S. 1               212
Low       v. Austin, 13 Wall. 29             43, 88
Lowe           v. Kansas, 163 U.S. 81             274, 318
L. S. & M. S. Ry. v. Ohio, 165 U.S. 365           83, 84
          v. Ohio, 173 U.S. 285              99
          v. Smith, 173 U.S. 684             101a,278,304, 313,
314
Luther         v. Borden, 7 How. 1                228, 229, 327
Luxton         v. N. R. Bridge Co., 153 U.S. 525  19
L. V. R.  v. Pennsylvania, 145 U.S. 192           68, 104
L. W. Co.      v. Clark, 143 U.S. 1               165
          v. Easton, 121 U.S. 388       139, 140
Lyle           v. Richards, 9 S. &. R. 356        235
Lyng           v. Michigan, 135 U.S. 161          91
L. & G. W. S. Co. v. P. I. Co. 129 U.S. 397       223, 229, 243
L. & J. F. Co.      v. Kentucky 188 U.S. 385           42, 277
L. & N. R.     v. Behlmer, 175 U.S. 648           112
          v. Eubank, 184 U.S. 27             101, 113
          v. Kentucky, 161 U.S. 677          176
          v. Kentucky, 183 U.S. 503          149, 175, 176, 177
                                   178, 279, 313, 315,
                                   321
          v. Palmes, 109 U.S. 244       141
          v. Schmidt, 177 U.S. 230           273, 274
          v. Woodson, 134 U.S. 614           274
L. & P. Co.    v. Mullen, 176 U.S. 126       23, 87, 89
Machine Co.    v. Gage, 100 U.S. 676              55, 92, 302
Mackin         v. U.S., 117 U.S. 348              247
Madrazzo, Ex parte, 7 Pet. 627                    261
Mager          v. Grima, 8 How. 490               22, 41
Magoun         v. I. T. & S. Bank, 170 U.S. 283   40, 41, 316
Maguire   v. Card, 21 How. 248               209
Mahon          v. Justice, 127 U.S. 700      194
Maine          v. G. T. Ry., 142 U.S. 217         55, 56, 103,
305
Mallett   v. North Carolina, 181 U.S. 589    184, 187, 320
Manchester     v. Massachusetts, 139 U.S. 240          72
Manning, In re, 139 U.S. 504                 276, 322
Marbury   v. Madison, 1 Cr. 137              3, 204, 220, 229,
231,
                                   232, 234
Markuson  v. Boucher, 175 U.S. 184      225
Marrow         v. Brinkley, 129 U.S. 178          276
Marsh          v. N., S. & Co., 140 U.S. 344           206, 270
Marshall  v. B. & 0. R., 16 How. 314         303
Marshall  v. Holmes, 141 U.S. 589       19, 225
Martin         v. B. & 0. R., 151 U.S. 673        19, 225
          v. Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304   1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 19,
     
                                   204, 205, 217, 218,
                                   234, 265
          v. Mott, 12 Wheat. 19              244
          v. Waddell, 16 Pet. 367            71
Maryland  v. B. & O. R., 3 How. 534          170
Mason          v Haile, 12 Wheat. 370             143
          v. Missouri, 179 U.S. 328          293
     Ex parte, 105 U.S. 696                  244
Massachusetts  v. W. U. T. Co., 141 U.S. 40       54, 134
Matthew   v. A. P. of N. Y. 136 N. Y. 333    125
Mattingly      v. N. W. V. R., 158 U.S. 53        215
Mattox         v. U.S., 156 U.S. 237              255
Maxwell   v. Dow, 176 U.S. 581               234, 237, 274, 298,
                                   311, 320, 322
          v. Stewart 22 Wall. 77             283, 284, 286
May       v. New Orleans, 178 U.S. 496       88
Mayhew         v. Thatcher, 6 Wheat. 129          284
Maynard   v. Hill, 125 U.S. 190              148
Mayor          v. Cooper, 6 Wall. 247             204, 206, 225
          v. Lord, 9 Wall. 409               267
McAllister     v. U.S., 141 U.S. 174              8, 9
McCall         v. California, 136 U.S. 104        56, 105, 305
McClung   v. Silliman, 6 Wheat. 598          270
McCracken      v. Hayward, 2 How. 608             146
MeCray         v. U.S., 195 U.S. 27               26, 251
McCready  v. Virginia, 94 U.S. 391           72, 299, 301, 302
McCulloch      v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316          1, 3, 4, 15, 16
17,
                                   22, 48, 65 237
McCullough     v. Virginia, 172 U.S. 102          141, 169
McDonald  v. Massachusetts, 180 U.S. 311          187, 317
McElmoyle      v. Cohen, 13 Pet. 312              283
McElrath  v. U.S., 102 U.S. 426              209, 255
MeElvaine      v. Brush, l42 U.S. 155             298
McGaheY   v. Virginia, 135 U.S. 662          169, 181, 263
McGuire   v. The Commonwealth. 3 Wall. 387   47, 70
McKane         v. Durston, 153 U.S. 684           301
MeKenzie, Petitioner, In re, 180 U.S. 536         250
McKim          v. Voorhies, 7 Cr. 279             270
McMillan  v. McNeill, 4 Wheat. 209           147, 150, 152
McMillen  v. Anderson, 95 U.S. 37       277
     McNiel, Ex parte, 13 Wall. 236               76, 266
McNitt         v. Turner, 16 Wall. 352       283
McNulty   v. Batty, 10 How. 72               223
          v. California, 149 U.S. 645        274
McPherson      v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1             296
M. C. P. & S. Co. v. Ins. Co. of N. A., 151 U.S. 368   112
Medley, Petitioner, 134 U.S. 160             185, 215, 225
Meigs          v. McClung's Lessee, 9 Cr. 11           264
Memphis   v. U.S., 97 U.S. 293               148, 153, 155
Memphis Bank   v. Tennessee. 161 U.S. 186         53, 164, 174
Mercantile Bank v. New York, 121 U.S. 138         49, 50
Merchants & Manufacturers' Bk. v. Pennsylvania, 167 U.S. 461 41,
52, 277, 316
Meriwether     v. Garrett, 102 U.S. 472           24, 148, 155
M. E. Ry.      v. Minnesota, l34 U.S. 467         177, 278
Metcalf        v. Watertown, 128 U.S. 586         206
Metropolitan Bank v. Clagggett, 141 U.S. 520           224
M. G. Co.      v. Shelby County, 109 U.S. 398          41, 53,
174
Middleton      v. Mullica Township, 112 U.S. 433      25
Miller         v. C. R., 168 U.S. 131             282
          v. State, 15 Wall. 478             166
     Milligan, Ex parte, 4 Wall. 2                244, 245, 250
Mills          v. Brown, 16 Pet. 525              215
          v. Duryee , 7 Cr. 481              283
          v. Green , 159 U.S. 651       228
          v. St. Clair County, 8 How. 581    175
Minder         v. Georgia, 183 U.S. 559           274, 322
Minnesota      v. Barber, 136 U.S. 313       81, 90, 237
          v. Brundage, 180 U.S. 499          18, 225
          v. Hitchcock, 185 U.S. 373         213
          v. N.S. Co., 184 U.S. 199          213
Minnesota      v. N. S. Co., 194 U.S. 48          126, 215
Minor          v. Happersett, 21 Wall. 162        293, 311
Minot          v. P., W. & B. R., 18 Wall. 206    53, 56, 102
Mississippi    v. Johnson, 4 Wall. 475       229
Mississippi Mills v. Cohn, 150 U.S. 202           243, 265
Missouri  v. Andriano, 138 U.S. 496          204, 224
          v. Dockery, 191 U.S. 165           41, 316
          v. Harris, 144 U.S. 210       140
          v. Illinois, 180 U.S. 208          212
          v. Iowa, 7 How. 660                191, 211
          v. Lewis, 101 U.S. 22              275, 322
          v. Walker, 125 U.S. 339       169
Mitchell  v. Clark, 110 U.S. 633             265
          v. First Nat. Bank, 180 U.S. 471   282
          v. Harmony, 13 How. 115       264
          v. Smale, 140 U.S. 406             72, 206
M., K. & T. Ry. v. Haber, 169 U.S. 613            81
          v. May, 194 U.S. 267               316
          v. McCann, 174 U.S. 580       99
          v. Missouri R. & W. Comrs., 183 U.S. 53 210
M. L. 1. Co.   v. McGrew, 188 U.S. 291       224
M. N. Co.      v. U.S., 148 U.S. 312              253
Mobile         v. Watson, 116 U.S. 289            148, 153, 155
Mogul S. S. Co. McGregor, 23 Q. B. D. 598         116
Montague  v. Lowry, 193 U.S. 38              127
Montalet  v. Murray, 4 Cr. 46                215
Montello, The, 20 Wall. 430                  82, 209
Montgomery     v. Portland, 190 U.S. 89           83
Moore          v. Greenhow, 114 U.S. 338          145
          v. Illinois, 14 How. 13       269
          v. Missouri, 159 U.S. 673          275, 298, 317
          v. U.S., 91 U.S. 270               235
Moran          v. Horsky, 178 U.S. 205       224
          v. New Orleans, 112 U.S. 69        57, 106
          v. Sturges, 154 U.S. 256           208, 209, 269, 272
Morgan         v. Louisiana 93 U.S. 217           52, 148, 150,
164
Morgan         v. Louisiana, 118 U.S. 455         24, 80
          v. Parham, 16 Wall. 471       57, 106
Morley         v. L.S.&M.S. Ry., 146 U.S. 162          144, 146,
148, 154,
                                   278
Mormon Church  v. U.S., 136 U.S. 19               10, 19, 251,
309
Moses Taylor, The, 4 Wall. 411                    205, 208, 209,
217,
                                   218, 269
Motes          v. U.S., 178 U.S. 458              255
M. P. Ry.      v. Humes, 115 U.S. 512             100, 316
          v. Mackey, 127 U.S. 205       100,278, 304, 314, 315
          v. Nebraska, 164 U.S. 403          278, 280
M. S. Co.      v. Louisiana, 118 U.S. 455         24, 80
M. S. S. Co.   v. McGregor, 23 Q. B. D. 598       116
M. T. Co.      v. Mobile, 187 U.S. 479       2, 72, 149, 299
Mugler         v. Kansas, 123 U.S. 623       100, 237, 278, 298
Muller         v. Dows, 94 U.S. 444               215
Mumma          v. The Potomac Co., 8 Pet. 281          175
Munn           v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113           98, 278, 315
Murdock   v. Ward, 178 U.S. 139              31, 36
Murphy         v. Ramsey, 114 U. S 15             9, 187
Murray         v. Charleston, 96 U.S. 432         53 169
Murray's Lessee v. H. L. & I Co., 18 How. 272          247 250
Myrick         v. M. C. R., 107 U.S. 102          242
M. & L. R.     v. C. R., 66 N. H. 100             131
M. & M. Bank   v. Pennsylvania, 167 U.S. 461           41, 52,
277, 316
M. & M. R.     v. Ward, 2 Bl. 485            84
M. & 0. R.     v. Tennessee, 153 U.S. 486         52, 141, 162
M. & St. L. R.      v. Minnesota, 186 U.S. 257         101b, 313,
315
          v. Minnesota, 193 U.S. 53          100, 279
M. & St. L. Ry. v. Beckwith, 129 U.S. 26          100,278, 304,
314, 316
          v. Emmons, 149 U.S. 364            176, 316
M. & St L. Ry.      v. Gardner, 177 U.S. 332           175
          v. Herrick, 127 U.S. 210           278, 304, 314, 315
Nash           v. Lull, 102 Mass. 60              270
Natal          v. Louisiana, 139 U.S. 621         274, 321
Nathan         v. Louisiana, 8 How. 73       55, 63
National Bank  v. Chapman, 173 U.S. 205           49, 50
          v. Commonwealth, 9 Wall. 353       47, 48
          v. U.S., 101 U.S. 1                31
Nations   v. Johnson, 24 How. 195       273, 285
N. B. Co.      v. U.S., 105 U.S. 470              83
N. C. Ry.      v. Maryland, 187 U.S. 258          53 164, 165,
168, 174
N., C. & St. L. Ry. v. Alabama, 128 U.S. 96       24, 98, 246,
278
Neagle, In re, 135 U.S. 1                    18, 19, 206, 215,
225,
                                   266, 270
Neal           v. Delaware, 103 U.S. 370          295
Nebraska  v. Iowa, 145 U.S. 519              211
Nelson         v. St. Martins Parish, 11 U.S. 716      148, 153,
155
Nevada Bank    v. Sedgwick, 104 U.S. 1ll          23
New Hampshire  v. Louisiana, 108 U.S. 76          211, 261
New Jersey     v. New York, 5 Pet. 284       211
          v. Wilson, 7 Cr. 164               52, 161
          v. Yard, 95 U.S. 104               52, 162, 163, 165
New Orleans v. Citizens Bank, 167 U.S. 371        53, 167, 174
          v. Morris, 105 U.S. 600       179
          v. N. 0. W. W., 142 U.S. 79        148, 170
          v. Paine, 147 U.S. 261             229
          v. Stempel, 175 U.S. 309           40, 41
Newton         v. Commissioners, 100 U.S. 548          179
New York  v. Barker, 179 U.S. 279       321
          v. Connecticut, 4 Dell. 1          211
          v. Eno, 155 U.S. 89                255
New York v. Knight, 192 U.S. 21              56, 10
          v. Louisiana, 108 U.S. 76          211, 261
          v. Miln, 11 Pet. 102               78, 79, 101
          v. Roberts, 171 U.S. 658           54, 55, 304, 306,
315
          v. Squire, 145 U.S. 175       176, 278, 317
New York Indians, 5 Wall. 761                     45
N. F. & P. W.  v. 0. W. S. Co. 183 U.S. 216       206, 289
Nicol          v. Ames, 173 U.S. 509              31, 36, 232
Nielsen, Petitioner, 131 U.S. 176            250
Nishimura Ekiu      v. U.S., 142 U.S. 651              297
N. J. N. Co.   v. Merchants' Bank, 6 How. 344          209
N. M. B. & L. Assn. v. Brahan, 193 U.S. 635       140, 224
N. M. R.  v. Maguire, 20 Wall. 46       174
N., M. & Co.   v. Ohio, 3 How. 720                97
Noble          v. U. R. L. R., 147 U.S. 165       229 398 274
N. 0. C. & L. R. v. New Orleans, 143 U.S. 192          53, 174
          v. New Orleans, 157 U.S. 219       142
N. 0. F. Inspectors v. Glover, 160 U.S. 170       228
N. 0. G. Co.   v. L. L. Co., 115 U.S. 650         138, 169
North Carolina      v. Temple, 134 U.S. 22 260,        262
Northern Securities Case, 193 U.S. 197            64, 67, 122,
124, 125,
                                   127 129, 131
Norton         v. Board of Comrs. of Brownsville, 129 U.S. 479
148, 149
          v. Shelby County, 118 U.S. 425          204, 232
Norwood   v. Baker, 172 U.S. 269             24, 277, 316
N. 0. W. Co.   v. Louisiana, 185 U.S. 336         140
N. 0. W. W.    v. L. S. Co., 125 U.S. 18          140
          v. Rivers, 115 U.S. 674       169
N. P. R.  v. Amato, 144 U.S. 465             206
N. P. R.  v. Colburn, 164 U.S. 383           206
          v. Myers, 172 U.S. 589             46
N. S. Co.      v. U.S., 193 U.S. 197              64, 67, 122,
124, 125,
                                   127, 129, 131
Nugent         v. Boyd, 3 How. 426                268
Nutting   v. Massachusetts, 183 U.S. 553          63, 304
N. W. Co.      v. Newburyport, 193 U.S. 561       175
N.Y. L. E. & W. R. v. Pennsylvania, 153 U.S. 628  22, 23, 43,
176, 304
          v. Pennsylvania, 158 U.S. 431           55, 103
N. Y. L. I. Co. v. Cravens, 178 U.S. 389          63, 304, 306
N. Y., N. H. & H. R. v . New York, 165 U.S. 628   99, 319
N. Y. & N. E. R. v. Baristol, 151 U.S. 556        165, 317
N. & W. R.     v. Johnson, 15 Wall. 195           21
          v. Pendleton, 156 U.S. 667         53, 168, 174, 173,
                                   176, 178
          v. Pennsylvania, 136 U.S. 114           56, 105, 304,
305
N. & W. R.     v. Sims  191 U.S. 441              55, 92
Oates          v. Nat. Bank, 100 U.S. 239         242
Ochiltree      v. R. Co., 21 Wall. 249       144
Ogden          v. Saunders, 12 Wheat. 213         147, 151, 153,
173,
                                   182, 237
Ohio           v. Dollison, 194 U.S. 445          247, 275, 298,
317
          v. Thomas, 173 U.S. 276       18, 215, 225, 238, 270
O. I. Co.      v. Daggs, 172 U.S. 557             279, 303,
304,314, 319
Olcott         v. The Supervisors, 16 Wall. 678   25, 139
O. L. 1. & T. Co. v. Debolt, 16 How. 416          139, 141, 175,
242
O'Neil         v. Vermont, 144 U.S. 323           257
O. O. Co.      v. Indiana, 177 U.S. 190           278
O. P. Co.      v. Aiken, 121 U.S. 444             23, 87
Orr       v. Gilman, 183 U.S. 278            40,
41,53,166,280,316
Osborn         v. Bank of the U.S., 9 Wheat. 738
17,48,206,215,228,258,264
          v. Nicholson, 13 Wall. 654         310
Osborne   v. County of Adams, 106 U.S. 181,  109 id. 1 24
          v. Florida, 164 U.S. 650           56, 103
          v. Mobile, 16 Wall. 479       135
Otis           v. Parker, 187 U.S. 606       321
Ottawa         v. Carey, 108 U.S. 110             25
          v. National Bank, 105 U.S. 343          25
O. W. Co.      v. Oshkosh, 187 U.S. 437           140, 143, 144
Owensboro      v. 0. W. S. Co., 191 U.S. 358           175, 177
Owensboro Nat. Bank v. Owensboro, 173 U.S. 664         51
Owings         v. Hull, 9 Pet. 607                229, 283
          v. Speed, 5 Wheat. 420             138
O. & M. R.     v. Wheeler, 1 Bl. 286              215, 303, 304
Pace           v. Alabama, 106 U.S. 583           315
          v. Burgess, 92 U.S. 372       29, 73
Pacific Nat. Bank v. Mixter, 124 U.S. 721         270
Packet Co.     v. Catlettsburg, 105 U.S. 559           23, 87
          v. Keokuk, 95 17. U.S. 80          23, 87, 233
          v. St. Louis, 100 IT. S. 423       23, 87
Palmer         v. McMahon, 133 U.S. 660           49, 50, 51, 277
Pana           v. Bowler, 107 U.S. 529       242
Parish         v. Ellis, 16 Pet. 451              243
Parkersburg    v. Brown, 106 U.S. 487             24
Parkinson      v. U.S., 121 U.S. 281              247
Parks, Ex parte, 93 U.S. 18                  250
Parsons   v. Bedford, 3 Pet. 433             243, 255, 256
          v. C. & N. W. Ry., l67 U.S. 447    111, 112
Passaic Bridge Case, The, 3 Wall. 782             84
Passenger Cases, 7 How. 283a                 54, 57, 66. 105
Patterson      v. Kentucky, 97 U.S. 501           65. 70
Patton         v. Brady, 184 U.S. 608        31, 206
Paul           v. Virginia, 8 Wall. 168           63,300,303,304,
305,306
Paulsen   v. Portland, 149, U.S. 30          277
Paup           v. Drew, 10 How. 218               169
Payne          v. Hook, 7 Will. 425               210
P. C., C. & St. L. Ry,. v. Backus, 154 U.S. 421   40, 57. 277
          v. Board of Pub. Works: 172 U.S. 32     54, 85
P. Co.         v. Adams, 189 U.S. 420 56, 103 See Packet Co.
Peake          v. New Orleans, 139 U.S. 342       24
Peale          v. Phipps, 14 How. 368             267, 272
Pearce         v. Texas, 155 U.S. 311             195
Pearsall  v. G. N. Ry., 161 U.S. 646         142,149,165,176,177
Pearson   v. Yewdall, 95 U.S. 294       255, 277
Pease          v. Peck, 18 How. 595               242
Peck           v. Jenness, 7 How. 612             267, 272
Peete          v. Morgan, 19 Wall. 581       44, 74, 81
Peik           v. C. & N. W. Ry., 94 U.S. 164          98, 176
Pelton         v. National Bank, 101 U.S. 143          51
Pennie         v. Reis, 132 U.S. 464              179, 280
Penniman's Case, 103 U.S. 714                     143
Pennoyer  v. MeConnaughy, 140 U.S. 1         263
          v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714               249, 283, 285
Pennsylvania v. W. & B. Bridge Co., 9 How. 647,   11 id. 528 84
          v. W. & B. Bridge Co., 13 How. 518      84, 239, 243
          v. W. & B. B. Co., 18 How. 421          73, 83. 84
Pennsylvania College Case's, 13 Wall. 190         166
People         v. C. G. T., 107 U.S. 59           57, 89, 105
          v. Commissioners, 1o4 U.S. 466          56, 63
          v. Commissioners of Taxes, 2 Bl. 620    44
          v. Commissioners of Taxes. 94 U.S. 415  51, 52, 150
People         v. Cook, 148 U.S. 397              53, 164, 165,
168, 174
          v. The Commissioners, 4 Wall. 244  48
          v. Weaver, 100 U.S. 539       50, 51
Pepke          v. U.S., 183 U.S. 176              11, 27, 38
Permoli   v. First Municipality, 3 How. 589  299
Perrine   v. C. & D. C. Co., 9 How. 172           175
Pervear   v. The Commonwealth. 5 Wall. 475   47, 70, 25 7
Petit          v. Minnesota, 177 U.S. 164         320
P. Ex. Co.     v. Seibert, 142 U.S. 339           41, 56
P. P. A.  v. New York, 119 U.S. 110          63, 304, 305, 306
P. F. & m. I. Co. v. Tennessee, 161 U.S. 174           53, 166,
174
P. G. Co.      v. North Carolina, 171 U.S. 345    89
P. G. & C. Co.      v. Chicago, 194 U.S. 1             168, 176,
178
Phelps         v. Holker, 1 Dall. 261             285
Philadelphia   v. The Collector, 5 Wall. 720           225
Picard         v. P.S. C. Co., 117 U.S. 34        53, 166, 168,
174
Pickard   v. P.S. C. Co., 117 U.S. 34        58, 105
P. I. Co.      v. Soule, 7 Wall. 433              31
          v. Tennessee, 161 U.S. 193         52, 140, 150, 164,
174
Pierce         v. Carskadon, 16 Wall. 234         146, 185, 188
          v. Indseth, 106 U.S. 546           229
Pinney         v. Nelson, 183 U.S. 14l       14O, 308
Planters' Bank      v. Sharp, 6 How. 301               169
Pleasant Township v. A. L. I. Co., 138 U.S. 67         139, 141,
148, 149
Plessy         v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537          280, 298, 310,
318
Plumley   v. Massachusetts, 155 U.S. 61           47 96
Plummer   v. Coler, 178 U.S. 115             44, 45
P. M. Co.      v. Pennsylvania, 125 U.S. 181           304, 305,
314. 315
Poindexter     v. Greenhow. See Virginia Coupon Cases.
Polk's Lessee  v. Wendell, 9 Cr. 87               240
Pollard   v. Hagan, 3 How. 212               2, 72, 299
Pollock   v. F. L. & T. Co., 157 U.S. 429    30, 34
          v. F. L. & T. Co., 158 U.S. 601    34, 39, 233
Poole          v. Fleeger , 11 Pet. 185           191
Pope           v. Williams, 193 U.S. 621          292
Pound          v. Turck 95 U.S. 459               84
Powell         v. Pennsylvania, 127 U.S. 678           315
P. P. C. Co.   v. Hayward, 1 41 U.S. 36           103
          v. Pennsylvania, 141 U.S. 18       22, 40, 57, 103
P. R.          v. Maguire, 20 Wall. 36       52, 16
          v. Miller, 132 U.S. 75             176, 17
          v. Napier S. Co., 166 U.S. 280          20
Presser   v. Illinois, 116 U.S. 252          233, 29
Prevost   v. Greneaux, 19 How. 1             23
Prigg          v. Pennsylvania, 16 Pet. 539       19, 204, 235,
292, 29
Prout          v. Starr, 188 U.S. 537             26
Providence Bank v. Billings, 4 Pet. 514           41, 53, 17
Provident Inst. v. Massachusetts, 6 Wall. 611          4
Provident Inst. for Savings v. Jersey City, 113 U.S. 506 27
Provident Savings Society, v. Ford, 114 U.S. 635  20
P. R. Removal Cases , 115 U.S. 1             206
P. T. C. Co.   v. Adams, 155 U.S. 688             54, 134, 305
          v. Alabama, 155 U.S. 482           210, 215, 221
          v. Baltimore, 156 U.S. 210         24, 134
          v. Charleston, 153 U.S. 692        56, 134
          v. New Hope, 192 U.S. 55           24
          v. Taylor, 192 U.S. 64             24, 134
P. T. Co.      v. W. U. T. Co., 96 U.S. 1         62, 64, 134,
305
Public Clearing House v. Coyne, 194 U.S. 497           251
Pulliam   v. Osborne, 17 How. 471       272
P. & S. C. Co.      v. Bates, 156 U.S. 577             43, 55,
94, 104
          v. Louisiana, 156 U.S. 590         54, 89
P. & S. S. S. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 122 U.S. 326   57, 65, 105
Quarles and Butler, In re, 158 U.S. 532           19
Queensbury     v. Culver, 19 Wall. 83             25
Rahrer, In re, 140 U.S. 545                  96
Ralls County Court v. U.S., 105 U.S. 733          148, 153, 155
Randall   v. Kreiger, 23 Wall. 137           143
Rapier, In re, 143 U.S. 110                  18, 309
Rash           v. Farley, 159 U.S. 263       55, 92, 303
Rasmussen      v. Idaho, 181 U.S. 198             81
Ratterman      v. W. U. T. Co., 127 U.S. 411           56, 134
R. B. Co.,     v. Brister, 179 U.S. 445           92
R. Co.    v. Alabama, 101 U.S. 832           180
          v. County of Otoe, 16 Wall. 667    25
          v. Ellerman, 105 U.S. 166          170
          v. Falconer, 103 U.S. 821          154
          v. Fuller, 17 Wall. 560       98, 113.
          v. Georgia, 98 U.S. 359       165
          v. Hamersley, 104 U.S. 1           176
          v. Hecht, 95 U.S. 168              142
          v. Husen, 95 U.S. 465              81
          v. Jackson, 7 Wall. 262       42
          v. Koontz, 104 U.S. 5              305
          v. Lockwood, 17 Wall. 357          242
          v. McClure, 10 Wall. 511           138, 140
          v. Mississippi, 102 U.S. 135       203
          v. Nat. Bank, 102 U.S. 14          242
          v. Richmond, 96 U.S. 521           101, 321
          v. Rock, 4 Wall. 177               140, 215
          v. Schurmeir, 7 Wall. 272          71
          v. Tennessee, 101 U.S. 337         180, 181
R. Cos.   v. Gaines, 97 U.S. 697             52,53,150,164,166,16
7
Reagan         v. F. L. & T. Co., 154 U.S. 362    101a, 177, 313,
315
          v. M. T. Co., 154 U.S. 413         101a
Reetz          v. Michigan, 188 U.S. 505          187, 278
Reggel, Ex parte, 114 U.S. 642                    193, 195
Reid           v. Colorado, 187 U.S. 137          81, 232
Relfe          v. Rundle, 103 U.S. 222       308
Removal Cases, 100 U. S, 457                 225
Renaud         v. Abbott, 116 U.S. 277       284
Reynolds  v. Stockton, 140 U.S. 254          285, 286
          v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145               9, 254, 309
R. G. R.  v. Gomila, 132 U.S. 478       272
Rhode Island   v. Massachusetts, 12 Pet. 657           2, 191,
211, 234, 235
Rice           v. R. Co., 1 Bl. 358               174
Richmond  v. S. B. T. Co., 174 U.S. 761           134
Rider          v. U.S., 178 U.S. 251              84
Ridings   v. Johnson, 128 U.S. 212           243
Riggs          v. Johnson County, 6 Wall. 166          267
Rippey         v. Texas, 193 U.S. 504             317
Ritchie   v. Mullen, 159 U.S. 235       281
Roanoke, The, 189 U.S. 185                   208, 266
Ro Bards  v. Lamb, 127 U.S. 58               274
Robb           v. Connolly, 111 U.S. 624          195, 271
Robbins   v. Shelby County. 120 U.S. 489          55, 69, 92, 93,
302
Roberts   v. Reilly, 116 U.S. 80             195
          v. U.S., 176 U.S. 221              229
Robertson      v. Baldwin, 165 U.S. 275           218, 310
          v. Cease, 97 U.S. 646              215
Robinson  v. Campbell, 3 Wheat. 212          243
          v. Colehour, 146 U.S. 153          224
Rogers         v. Alabama, 192 U.S. 226      295, 313, 319
          v. Burlington 3 Wall. 654          25
Roller         v. Holly, 176 U.S. 398             273
Pose           v. Himely, 4 Cr. 241               228, 284
Rosen          v. U.S., 161 U.S. 29               254
Rosenblatt     v. Johnston, 104 U.S. 462          48
Ross, In re, 140 U.S. 453                    19, 246
Rothschild     v. Knight, 184 U.S. 334       224
Royall         v. Virginia, 116 U.S. 572,         121 id. 102 169
     Ex parte, 117 U.S. 241                  18, 225
R. R.          v. C. V. R., 159 U.S. 630          224
Ruggles   v. Illinois, 108 U.S. 526          176, 177
Rundle         v. D. & R. C. Co., 14 How. 80           71
Runyan         v. Coster, 14 Pet. 12              304, 305
R. W. Parsons, The, 191 U.S. 17              208, 209
Ry. Co.   v. Philadelphia, 101 U.S. 528           53, 166
          v. Whitton, 13 Wall. 276      
208,210,215,243,266,303
Ryder          v. Holt, 128 U.S. 525              63
R. & A. R.     v. P. T. Co., 169 U.S. 311         99
R. & G. R.     v. Reid, 13 Wall. 269              52, 162, 163
R. & P. R.     v. L.R., 13 How. 81                175
Salt Co.  v. East Saginaw, 13 Wall. 373           164
Salt Lake City      v. Tucker, 166 U.S. 707       256
Sands          v. M. R. 1. Co., 123 U.S. 288           23, 84, 87
Santa Clara County v. S. P. R., 118 U.S. 394           304, 314
Satterlee      v. Matthewson, 2 Pet. 380          182, 183
Savings Society v. Multnomah County, 169 U.S. 421      22, 40,
41, 42
Sawyer         v. Piper, 189 U.S. 54              206
Sayward   v. Denny, 158 U.S. 180             215, 224
Schaefer  v. Werling, 188 U.S. 516           316
Schick         v. U.S., 195 U.S. 65               235, 246, 254
Schillinger    v. U.S., 155 U.S. 163              209
Scholey   v. Rew, 23 Wall. 331               31
Schollenberger      v. Pennsylvania, 171 U.S. 1        96, 315
Schurz         v. Cook. See People v. Cook
S. Co.         v. Chase, 16 Wall. 522             208
          v. Joliffe, 2 Wall. 450       76
          v. Portwardens , 6 Wall. 31        44, 57, 74, 106
Scotland County Court v. U.S., 140 U.S. 41        153, 155
Scott     v. Donald, 165 U.S. 58             91, 96
          v. Jones , 5 How. 343              138
          v. McNeal, 154 U.S. 34             274
          v. Neely, 140 U.S. 106             210, 243
          v. Sandford, 19 How. 393       8, 215, 231, 291, 292
Scranton  v. Wheeler, 179 U.S. 141           253
S. C. S, Ry.   v. Sioux City, 138 U.S. 9          8 53, 165, 174
Scudder   v. Comptroller, 175 U.S. 32        224
S. D. L. & T. Co. v. Jasper, 189 U.S. 439         101b, 278
          v. National City, 174 U.S. 739          101b, 278
Searight  v. Stokes, 3 How. 151              97
Seeberger      v. McCormick, 175 U.S. 274         224
Seibert   v. Lewis, 122 U.S. 284             155
Seneca Nation  v. Christy, 162 U.S. 283           224
Sentell   v. N. 0. & C. R., 166 U.S. 698          280
S. F. et A. des E. U. v. Milliken, 135 U.S. 304   305
Shaw           v. Covington, 194 -U.S. 593        17
          v. Robbins, 12 Wheat. 369          151, 15
Shelby County  v. Union & Planters Bank, 161 U.S. 149  53, 141,
162, 167, 17
Sherlock  v. Alling, 93 TJ. S. 99       20
Shibuya Jugiro, in re, 140 U.S. 291               31
Shields   v. Ohio, 95 U.S. 319               52,150,165,174,175,1
7
Shively   v. Bowlby, 152 U.S. 2              72, 299
Shotwell  v. Moore, 129 U.S. 590             44
Shreveport     v. Cole, 129 U.S. 36               139
Shriver's Lessee v. Lynn, 2 How. 43               284
Shumate   v. Heman, 181 U.S. 402             316
Siebold, Ex parte, 100 U.S. 371              296
Simmons   v. Saul, 138 U.S. 439              283, 284
Simon          v. Craft, 182 U.S. 427             273
Sinnot         v. Davenport, 22 How. 227          77, 79, 101
Slaughter House Cases, 16 Wall. 36                290, 291, 298,
300,
                                   310, 311, 314
Slocum         v. Mayberry, 2 Wheat. 1       217, 270, 272, 27 3
S. L. & T. Co.      v. Comptroller of New York, 177 U.S. 318 279
Smith     v. Alabama, 124 U.S. 465           235, 237
          v. Condry, 1 How. 28               292
          v. Indiana, 191 U.S. 138           228
          v. Maryland, 18 How. 71       71, 72, 299
          v. McIver, 9 Wheat. 532       272
          v. Reeves, 178 U.S. 436       262
Smyth     v. Ames, 169 U.S. 466              101a, 101b, 129,
263,
                                   278, 304, 313, 314
          v. Ames, 171 U.S. 361              101b, 315
Snyder         v. Bettman, 190 U.S. 249           39
Society for Savings v. Coite, 6 Wall. 594         45
Sonnentheil    v. M. B. Co., 172 U.S. 401         206
Soon Hing      v. Crowley, 113 U.S. 703           237, 321
South Carolina      v. Georgia, 93 U.S. 4              73, 85,
211
South Dakota   v. North Carolina, 192 U.S. 286    211 919
S. P. Co.      v. Denton, 146, U.S. 202           307
Spencer   v. Merchant, 125 U.S. 345          24, 40, 277, 282
Spies          v. Illinois, 123 U.S. 131          224, 275, 298
Spraigue  v. Thompson, 118 U.S. 90           77, 233
Springer  v. U.S., 102 U.S. 586              31, 34, 250
Springville    v. Thomas, 166 U.S. 707       256
Sprott         v. U.S., 20 Wall. 459              191
S. Ry.         v. Allison 190 U.S. 326       215, 303, 305
S. S. Co. v. Joliffe, 2 Wall. 450       76
          v. Portwardens, 6 Wall. 31         44 57, 74, 106
S. S. R. Co.   v. McClain, 192 U.S. 397      31
Stacy          v. Thrasher. 31 6 How. 44          288
St. A.F.W.P.Co., v. St. Paul W. Comrs., 168 U.S. 349   2, 71
Stanislaus County v. S.J.&K.R.C.&I.Co., 192 U.S. 201   101b, 175,
176, 178,
                                   278, 315
Stanley   v. Schwalby, 162 U.S. 255          209
          v. Supervisors, 121 U.S. 535       51
State          v. Parkhurst, 9 N. J. L. 51        427 233
State Bank     v. Knopp, 16 How. 369              141
State Freight Tax, 15 Wall. 232              22, 58, 65. 105
State Tax on Foreign-held Bonds, 15 Wall. 300          41, 42,
147
State Tax on Railway Gross Receipts, 15 Wall. 284      57, 105
State Tonnage Tax Cases. 12 Wall. 204             44, 74
St. Clair      v. Cox, 106 U.S. 350               285, 286, 306
St. Clair County v. I. S. & C. T. CO., 192 U.S. 454    82
S. T. Co.      v. B. R. Nat. Bank, 187 U.S. 211   210, 242
Steamship Co.  v. Joliffe, 2 Wall 450             76
Steamship Co.  v. Portwardens. 6 Wall. 31         44, 57, 74, 106
Stearns   v. Minnesota, 179 U.S.S. 223       52,53,141,162,164,16
5
Stein     v. B. & W. S. Co., 1 41 U.S. 67    175
Stephens  v. Cherokee Nation, 174 U.S. 445   184
Stevens   v. Griffith, 111 U.S. 48           139
          v. Nichols, 130  U.S. 230          215
St. J. & G. I. R., v. Steele, 167 U.S. 659         210, 215, 303
St. Lawrence, The, 1 Bl. 522                 207, 209
St. L. C. C. Co. v. Illinois: 185 U.S. 203        280, 321
St. L., I. M. & St. P. Ry. v. Paul, 173 U.S. 404  319
St. Louis      v. W. F. Co.. 11 Wall. 423         41, 57, 82, 106
          v. W.U T. Co. 148 U.S. 92          24, 134
St.L.& S.F. Ry      v. Gill, 156 U.S. 156              649 53,
101a, 174,
                                   175, 178, 278, 315
          v. James, 161 U.S.  545       192,210,215, 303, 305
          v. Mathews, 165 U.S. 1 176, 177,   278, 318
Stockard  v. Morgan, 185 U.S. 27             55 92
Stockdale      v. I. Cos., 20 Wall. 323           184
Stone          v. F. L . & T. Co., 116  U.S. 307  98, 101a, 176,
177
          v. I. C. R., 116 U.S.              347
          v. Mississippi, 101 U.S. 814       178
N. O. & N. E. R., 116 U.S. 352                    98
Storti         v. Massachusetts, 183 U.S. 138          215, 225
St. P. G. L. Co. v. St. Paul, 181 U.S. 142        139, 141
St. P., M. & M. Ry. v. Todd County, 142 U.S. 282  140
Strader   v. Graham, 10 How. 93              292
Strauder  v. West Virginia, 100 U.S. 303          295, 313
Streitwolf     v. Streitwolf, 181 U.S. 179        286
Strother  v. Lucas, 6 Pet. 763               299
Stuart         v. Laird, I Cr  299                234
Sturges   v. Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 122          2,4,63,138,142,
147,      
                                   150,152,159,217,235
St. T. W. W.   v. N. 0. W. W. 120 U S 64          169
Sully          v. American Nat. Bank,  178 U.S. 289    303, 304,
319
Supervisors    v. Durant, 9 Wall 415              267
               v. Stanley , 105 U.S. 305          50, 51
               v. U.S. 154 U.S. 576               267
Suydam         v. Broadnax, 14 Pet. 67       147, 151 271
S. V. W. W.    v. Schottler 110 U.S. 347          177
Swafford  v. TempIeton, 185 U.S. 487         206, 293, 294
Swan, In re 150 U.S. 637                     250
Swift          v. Tyson, 16 Pet. 1 242,           243
S. W. W. Co.   v. Skaneateles, 184 U.S. 354       169
Talbot         v. S.C. First Nat. Bank, 185 U.S. 172   206
               v. Seeman, 1 Cr. 1            229
Talton         v. Mayes, 163 U.S. 376             247
Tappan         v. Merchants' Nat. Bank, 19 Wall. 490   51
Tarble's Case, 13 Wall. 397                  271
Tarrance  v. Florida, 188 U.S. 519           313, 319
Taylor    v. Carry, 20 How. 583              272
          v. Ypsilanti, 105 U.S. 60          25
Taylor and Marishall v. Beckham, 178 U.S. 548          280, 327
T. Co.    v. Parkersburg, 107 U.S. 691       23, 87
          v. Wheeling, 99 U.S. 273           54, 66, 82, 106
Teal           v. Felton, 12 How. 284             268
Telco          v. Texas, 105 U.S. 460             64
Tennessee v. Davis, 100 U.S. 257             205, 216, 225
          v. P. S. C. Co., 117 U.S. 51       58, 105
          v. Sneed, 96 U.S. 69               145
          v. Union & Planters' Bank,152 U.S. 454  215
          v. Virginia, 177 U.S. 501          211
Terlinden v. Ames, 184 U.S. 270              228
Terrett   v. Taylor, 9 Cr. 43                161
Terry          v. Anderson, 95 U.S. 628           143
     Ex parte, 128 U.S. 289                  250, 254
Texas          v. White, 7 Wall. 700              2, 213, 229,
327
The Albany Bridge Case- See Albany Bridge Case.
The Belfast. Bee Belfast, The.
The China. See China, The.
Thomas    v. Gay, 169 U.S. 264               238
          v. U.S., 192 U.S. 363              31
Thomson   v. P. R., 9 Wall. 579              47
Thompson  v. Missouri, 171 U.S. 380          187
          v. U.S., 155 U.S. 271              252
          v. Utah, 170 U.S. 343              10, 185
          v. Whitman, 18 Wall. 457           284, 287
Thorington     v. Montgomery, 147 U.S. 490        247, 298
Thormann  v. Frame, 176 U.S. 350             284
T. I. Co.      v. Connecticut, 185 U.S. 364       300
Tiernan   v. Rinker, 102 U.S. 123            55, 303
Timmons   v. E. L. Co., 139 U.S. 378         215
Tinsley   v. Anderson, 171 U.S. 101          225, 274, 322
Tomlinson      v. Branch, 15 Wall. 460       53, 168
          v. Jessup, 15 Wall. 454       165
Tonawanda      v. Lyon, 181 U.S. 389              24, 273
Town of Venice      v. Murdock, 92 U.S. 494       242
Townsend  v. Todd, 91 U.S. 452               241
Trade Mark Cases, 100 U.S. 82                     63, 233
Transportation Co. v. Parkersburg, 107 U.S. 691   23, 87
          v. Wheeling 99 U.S. 273       54, 63, 82, 106
Trask     v. Maguire, 18 Wall. 391           52, 150, 164
Trevett   v. Weeden, 2 Arnold, 525           233
Trigg     v. Drew, 10 How. 224               169
Tucker    v. Ferguson, 22 Wall. 527          46, 53, 166, 174
Tulare Irr. Dist. v. Shepard, 185 U.S. 1          148
Tullis    v. L. E. & W. R., 175 U.S. 348     315
Tullock   v. Mulvaiae, 184 U.S. 497          206
Turnbull  v. Payson, 95 U.S. 418             289
Turner    v. Maryland, 107 U.S. 38           44, 89
          v. New York, 168 U.S. 90           279
          v. Wilkes County Comrs., 173 U.S. 461   140, 243, 282
          v. Williams. See U.S. v. Williams.
Turnpike Co.   v. State, 3 Wall. 210              175
Turpin    v. Burgess, 117 U.S. 504 29,       73
          v. Lemon, 187 U.S. 51              228, 277
Twin City Ba]ak v. Nebeker, 167 U.S. 196          23, 40
Twitchell      v. The Commonwealth. 7 Wall. 321   224, 254
Tyler          v. Judges of Court of Registration, 179 U.S. 404
228
  In re, 149 U.S. 197                        109,112
T. P. Ry. v. cody, 166 U.S. 606              206
          v. Cox, 145 id. 593                243
          v. I.C.C., 162 U.S. 197       109, 112
University     v. People, 99 U.S. 309             52, 140, 162,
163
U. P. R.  v. Peniston, 18 Wall. 5 47
Upshur County  v. Rich, 135 U.S. 467 228
U. R.          v. City of New York, 193 U.S. 416 148
U. R. T. Co.   v. Lynch, 177 U.S. 149  40, 54, 47, 103
Urtetiqui      v. D'Arbel 9 Pet. 692 288
U.S.      v. Amedy, 11 Wheat. 392 282
          v. Arredondo, 6 Pet. 691 239
          v. Ball, 163 U.S. 662 251, 252
          v. B. B. B. Co., 176 U.S. 211 83, 84
          v. Bevans, 3 Wheat. 336 73, 216
          v. Black, 128 U.S. 40 229
          v. Blaine, 139 U.S. 306 229
          v. Burr, 4 Cr. 470 235
          v. B. & 0. R., 17 Wall. 322 39
          v. Coolidge, 1 Wheat. 415 216, 239
          v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 217, 291, 294, 309
          v. De Walt 128 U.S. 393 247
          v. Dewitt 9 Wall. 41 70, 216
          v. E. C. Knight Co., 156 U.S.. 1 67, 128, 131
          v. Ferreira, 13 How. 40 223
          v. Fisher, 2 Cr. 358 18
          v. Forty-three Gallons of Whiskey, 93 U.S. 188 136, 238
          v. Fox, 94 U.S. 315 298
          v. Fox, 95 U.S. 670 186, 216, 217
          v. G. E. Ry., 160 U.S. 668 19, 232
          v. Haas, 3 Wall. 407 135
          v. Hall, 98 U.S. 343 18
          v. Hamilton, 3 Dall. 17 250
          v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629 3, 232, 233 310 322
          v. Holliday, 3 Wall. 407  135
U.S.      v. Hudson, 7 Cr. 32 216, 220, 239
          v. Isham, 17 Wall. 506 132
          v. J. T. A., 171 U.S. 505 67, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127,
129
          v. Jung Ah Lung, 124 U.S. 621 297
          v. Keehler, 9 Wall. 83 191
          v. Le Bris , 121 U.S. 278 136
          v. Lee, 106 U.S. 196 264
          v. Lee Yen Tai, 185 U.S. 213 238
          v. Lynah, 188 U.S. 445 253
          v. Marigold, 9 How. 560 18, 269
          v. Memphis, 97 U.S. 284 179
          v. Michigan, 190 U.S. 379 209, 213
          v. M.R. Co., 189 U.S. 391 72, 299
          v. New Orleans, 98 U.S. 381 94
          v. North Carolina, 136 U.S. 211 209
          v. Ortega, 11 Wheat. 467 206, 220
          v. P. D. M. Co., 176 U.S. 317 266
          v. Perez, 9 Wheat. 579  251
          v. Perkins, 163 U . S. 625 42, 45
          v. Perot 98 U.S. 428 230
          v. Peters, 3 Dall. 121 221
          v. Peters, 5 Cr. 115 263, 266
          v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214 217, 293
          v. Reid, 12 How. 361 265
          v. R. G. D. & I. Co., 174 U.S. 690 84
          v. Rice, 4 Wheat. 246 26
          v. Rickert 188 U.S. 432 46
          v. Schooner Peggy 1 Cr. 103 238
          v. Schurz, 102 U.S. 378 229
          v. Singer, 15 Wall. 111 31
          v. Sing Tuck, 194 IT. S, 161 225, 297
          v. Texas, 143 U.S. 621 228, 265
          v. T. M. F. A., 166 U.S. 290 67 112, 123, 125, 127, 129
          v. U. P. R., 91 U.S. 72 236
          v. Waddell, 112 U.S. 76 19, 250
          v. Williams, 194 U.S. 279 251, 254, 309
U.S.      v. Windom, B7 U.S. 636 229
          v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 235, 291, 297, 298
          v. Zucker, 161 U.S. 475 254
Van Allen      v. The Assessors, 3 Wall. 573 48, 49
Van Brocklin   v. Tennessee, 117 U.S. 151 46
Vance     v. Vance, 108 U.S. 514 143
          v. W. A. V. Co., 170 U.S. 438 90
Van Hoffman    v. Quincy, 4 Wall. 552 145
Van Horne's Lessee v. Dorrance, 2 Dall. 304 204
Vaughan   v. Northup, 15 Pet. 1 267
Veazie Bank    v. Fenno, 8 Wall. 533 17, 31, 40
          v. Moor, 14 How. 568 78, 85
Venice    v. Murdock, 92 U.S. 494 242
Vicksburg v. Tobin, 100 U.S. 430  23, 87
Virginia  v. Rives, 100 U.S. 3B 295, 313
          v. Tennessee, 148 U.S. 503 192, 211
          v. West Virginia, 11 Wall. 39 191, 192, 211
Virginia Coupon Cases, 114 U.S. 269 169, 190, 233, 264
Virginia, Ex parte, 100 U.S. 339 295, 3B
Voight         v. Wright, 14l U.S. 62 90, 91
Voigt          v. Detroit 184 U.S. 115 24, 277
Voorhees  v. Bank of the U.S. 10 Pet. 449 284
V. W. Co.      v. Vicksburg, 185 U.S. 65 206
Wadsworth      v. Supervisors, 102 U.S. 534 148, 149
Wagonner  v. Flack, 188 U.S. 595 141, 142
Waite     v. Dowley, 94 U.S. 527 52
          v. Santa Cruz, 184 U.S. 302 148
Wales     v. Stetson, 2 Mass. 146 165
          v. Whitney, 114 U.S. 564 244
Walker         v. Sauvinet 92 U.S. 90 255, 274
Walker         v. Whitehead, 16 Wall. 314 146
Wall, Ex parte, 107 U.S. 265 247
Walla Walla    v. W. W. W. Co., 172 U.S. 1 139, 169
Wallace   v. McConnell, 13 Pet. 136 271, 272
Walling   v. Michigan, 116 U.S. 446 55, 91, 302
Walsh     v. C., H. V. & A. R., 176 U.S. 469 141
Walston   v. Nevin, 128 U.S. 578 277, 316
Ward      v. Maryland, 12 Wall. 418 55, 90, 302
Waring    v. Clarke, 5 How. 441 209, 217
          v. The Mayor, 8 Wall. 110 88
Warner    v. S. & H. Co., 191 U.S. 195 63
Watson    v. Jones, 13 Wall. 679 266
          v. Mercer, 8 Pet. 88 182, 183
Watts and Sachs, In re, 190 U.S. 1 266
Wayman         v. Southard, 10 Wheat. 1 265
W. B. Co.      v. Hatch, 125 U.S. 1 84
Webber         v. Virginia, 103 U.S. 344 47, 55, 90, 302
Weber     v. Harbor Comrs., 18 Wall. 57 71, 72, 299
          v. Rogan, 188 U.S. 10 148
Webster   v. Cooper, 14 How. 41 488
          v. Reid, 11 How. 437 285
Wedding   v. Meyler, 192 U.S. 573 285
Welch     v. Cook, 97 U.S. 541 164
Wellii    v. Savannah, 181 U.S. 531 52, 53, 166
Wells, Ex parte, 18 How. 307 250
Welton    v. Missouri, 91 U.S. 275 55, 69, 90, 302
Werlein   v. New Orleans, 177 U.S. 390 289
West      v. Aurora City, 6 Wall. 139 225
          v. Louisiana, 194 U.S. 258 275
Weston    v. Charleston, 2 Pet. 449 44
Weyerhaueser   v. Minnesota, 176 U.S. 550 277
W. F. Co.      v. East St. Louis, 107 U.S. 365  53, 54, 66, 82,
106, 166
Wharton   v. Wise, 153 U.S. 155 192
Wheaton   v. Peters, 8 Pet. 591  239, 243
Wheeler   v. Jackson, 137 U.S. 245 143, 279
Wbitbeck  v. Mercantile Bank, 127 U.S. 193 51
White     v. Hart, 13 Wall 646 2, 138, 146, 310
          v. Schloerb, 178 U.S. 542 272
Whitehead v. Shattuck, 138 U.S. 146 255
Whitman   v. Oxford Nat. Bank, 176 U.S. 559 288
Whitney   v. Robertson, 124 U.S. 190 238
Whitten   v. Tomlinson, 160 U.S. 231 195, 225
Wickliffe v. Owings, 17 How. 47 215
Wight     v. Davidson, 181 U.S. 371 251
          v. U.S., 167 U.S. 512 Ill
Wilcox         v. Jackson, 13 Pet. 498 264, 284
Wiley          v. Sinkler, 179 U.S. 58 293, 294
Wilkerson      v. Utah, 99 U.S. 130 257
Wilkes County  v. Coler, 180 U.S. 506 139, 140, 282
Wilkes County Comrs. v. Coler, 190 U.S. 107 25
Williams  v. Benadict, 8 How. 107 267, 272
          v. Bruffy, 96 U.S. 176 139, 191
          v. Fears, 179 U.S. 270 56, 320
          v. Heard, 140 U.S. 529 224, 268
          v. Louisiana, 103 U.S. 637 141
          v. Mississippi, 170 U.S. 213 313, 319
          v. Parker, 188 U.S. 491 278
          v. Wingo , 177 U.S. 601 168, 175
Williamson     v. Berry, 8 How. 495 284
          v. New Jersey, 130 U.S. 189 170
          v. Suydam, 6 Wall. 723 143
Wilson    v. The B. B. C. M. Co., 2 Pet. 245 84
Wilson    v. Eureka City, 173 U.S. 32  280, 332
          v. Iseminger, 185 U.S. 55 143
Wilson    v. Lambert, 168 U.S. 611 251
          v. McNamee, 102 U.S. 572 76
          v. North Carolina, 169 U.S. 586 280
          v. Standefer, 184 U.S. 399 141
     Ex parte, 114 U.S. 417 247
Wiscart   v. Dauchy, 3 Dall. 321 223
Wisconsin v. Duluth, 96 U.S. 379 85, 211
          v. P. I. Co., 127 U.S. 265 212 213, 288
Wise      v. Withers, 3 Cr. 33l 244
Wisewall  v. Sampson, 14 How. 52 267, 272
Withers   v. Buckley, 20 How.  84 85, 247
Witherspoon    v. Duncan, 4 Wall. 210 40
W., M. & P. R. v. Jacobson, 179 U.S. 287 100
Wolff          v. NeW Orleans, 103 U.S. 358 148, 153, 155
Wong Wing      v. U.S., 163 U.S. 228, 238, 251, 254, 297
          v. Brady, 150 U.S. 18 140
Woodruff  v. Mississippi, 162 U.S. 291 141, 148
          v. Parham, 8 Wall. 123 28, 29, 54, 64, 73, 88 90, 94,
104, 106
          v. Trapnall, 10 How. 190 169
Worcester v. Georgia 6 Pet. 515 135, 224
Workman   v. New York, 179 U.S. 552 206, 209
W. P. O. Co.   v. Texas, 177 U.S. 28  304
W.P. S. C.     v. Casperson, 193 U.S. 189 298
W. R.          v. Defiance, 167 U.S. 88 176, 177. 280
Wright         v. M. M. L. I. Co., 193 U.S. 657 165
Wright         v. Nagle, 101 U.S. 791 141. 175
W., S. L. & P. Ry. v. Illinois, 118 U.S. 557 101, 113
Wurts          v. Hoagland, 114 U.S. 606 277
W, U. T. Co.   v. A. A. R., 178 U.S. 239 206. 215
          v. Alabama, 132 U.S. 472 56, 135
          v. C. P. Co. 181 U.S. 92 210, 239, 243
W. U. T. Co.   v. Indiana, 165 U.S. 304 35, 40
          v. James, 162 U.S. 650 64, 134
          v. Massachusetts, 125 U.S. 530 40, 57, 135
          v. Missouri, 190 U.S. 412 40, 57, 103, 134
          v. New Hope, 187 U.S. 419 24, 134
          v. Pendleton, 122 U.S. 347 134
          v. Taggart, 163 U.S. 1 22, 40, 54, 57, 134
          v. Texas, 105 U.S. 460 44, 58, 134
Wynehamer v. The People, 13 N. Y. 428 10
W. & B. Bridge Co. v. W. B. Co., 138 U.S. 287 175, 176
W. & M. Ry. v. Powers, 191 U.S. 379 164
W. & St. P. L. Co. v. Minnesota, 159 U.S. 526 53, 166, 167, 277
W. & St. P. R. v. Blake, 94 U.S. 180 176
W. & W. R.     v. Alsbrook, 146 U.S. 279 52, 53, 162, 166, 168,
174
          v. King, 91 U.S. 3 146
          v. Reid, 13 Wall. 264 52, l62
Yarbrough, Ex parte, 110 U.S. 651 18, 19, 250, 293, 296
Yick Wo   v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 311, 312
York      v. Texas, 137 U.S. 15 273
Young     v. Clarendon Township, 132 U.S. 340 25
          v. Parker, 132 U.S. 267 225
Y. & M. V. R.  v. Thomas, 132 U.S. 174 53, 166
Y. & M. V. Ry. v. Adams, 180 U.S. 1 224
Zane           v. Hamilton County, 189 U.S. 370  148, 149



                           CHAPTER 1:

        THE RELATION OF THE STATES AND OF THE TERRITORIES
             TO THE UNITED STATES AND TO EACH OTHER


 1. The Sanction of the Constitution.
 2. The Indissolubility of the Union.
 3. The Autonomy of the States.
 4. The Delegated Character and Limited Powers of the Government
    of the United States.
 5. The Federal Supremacy.
 6. The Restraints upon the States.
 7. The Force and Effect of the Preamble to the Constitution.
 8. The Territories.


The Sanction of the Constitution.

1.   The  Constitution,  though  framed  by  a  convention  whose
members were  elected by  the legislatures  of  the  states,  was
ratified in  the several states by conventions whose members were
elected by the people of their respective states.  It derives its
whole authority from that ratification, and when thus adopted, it
was of  complete obligation  and it thenceforth bound the states,
and the citizens of each state.'


The Indissolubility of the Union.

2.   The union of the states under the Constitution was, from and
after the  ratification of  that instrument,  indissoluble,  and,
until an  amendment be  adopted, authorizing a dissolution of the
union, or  a withdrawal  of a  state from  the union,  it is  not
possible  for  a  state,  without  violating  the  constitutional
compact, to  withdraw from the union, or to deprive itself of its
rights as  one of the United States, or to emancipate itself from
the restraints  imposed by  the Constitution  on freedom of state
action. (2)


The Autonomy of the States.

3.   The thirteen  original states were existing governments when
the Constitution  was ratified;  and states admitted to the union
under the  Constitution have as regards the United States and the
other states,  in all  respects  in  which  the  effect  of  that
instrument has  not been  changed by  amendment, the same rights,
powers and  obligations as  the  thirteen  original  states.  (3)
Therefore, in  so far  as the  states are  not controlled  by the
expressed or  implied restrictions  contained in the Constitution
of the  United States, they may severally exercise all the powers
of independent  governments. (4)  The states, though united under
the sovereign authority of the Constitution, are, so far as their
freedom of  action is  not controlled by that instrument, foreign
to and independent of each other. (5)


The  Delegated  Character  and  Limited  Powers  of  the  Federal
Government.

4.   The government  of the United States, in its relation to the
several states  and to  the citizens  of those  states, is one of
delegated  and   limited  Dowers.  which  Ire.  expressly  or  by
necessary implication  granted by  its written Constitution." The
Constitution  has   created  a  government,  divided  into  three
departments, legislative,  executive and  judicial. As  the chief
function  of   the   executive   department,   apart   from   its
participation in legislation by the exercise of a qualified veto,
is that of administering the laws of Congress, and as the primary
duty of  the  judicial  department  is  that  of  expounding  the
Constitution and the laws in their application to subject-matters
of judicial  cognizance, either  civil or criminal, it is obvious
that the powers conferred by the Constitution upon the government
of the United States are, in the main, powers of legislation. The
powers granted  by the  Constitution to  the  government  of  the
United States  are either  expressed or  implied.  The  expressed
powers  are   those  which   are  specifically   stated  in   the
Constitution. The  implied powers  are those  which authorize the
use of  appropriate means,  which are  consistent with the letter
and  spirit  of  the  Constitution,  for  the  accomplishment  of
legitimate ends,  which are  not prohibited, and which are within
the scope  of the  Constitution. (7)  The powers  granted by  the
Constitution  to   the  United  States  are  subject  to  certain
expressed exceptions,  which are,  in the  main, contained in the
9th section  of Article  I of  the Constitution  and in the first
eleven of its amendments.


The Federal Supremacy.

5.   Article  VI   of  the   Constitution  declares   that  "this
Constitution and  the laws  of the  United States  which shall be
made in  pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall
be made,  under the  authority of the United States, shall be the
supreme law  of the land;  and the judges in every state shall be
bound thereby,  anything in the Constitution or laws of any state
to the contrary notwithstanding." By force of this constitutional
provision, the  government of  the United States, as Marshall, C.
J., said  in McCulloch  v. Maryland,  (8) "though  limited in its
powers, is supreme within its sphere of action and to the extent,
and in  the exercise,  of the  powers delegated  to it,  it is  a
sovereignty. (9)


The Restraints upon the States.

6.   The restraints  imposed by  the Constitution upon the states
are either  expressed or  implied. The  expressed restraints  are
those which  are specifically  stated in  the  Constitution.  The
implied restraints  are those which result from the express grant
by the  Constitution of certain powers whose nature, or the terms
of whose grant, require that they should be exclusively exercised
by the  United States. (10)  The expressed restraints are, first,
those which  affect the  relations of the several states to other
states, foreign  and domestic;   and,  second, those  which  have
reference to the relations between the states and their citizens,
and which  limit the  exercise by  the states  of their powers of
legislation.  The expressed restraints of the first class include
the   Prohibition   of   treaties,   alliances,   confederations,
agreements, or  compacts with  another state  or with  a  foreign
power;   the obligation  not  to  issue  letters  of  marque  and
reprisal, or  to maintain  troops or  ships of  war in  times  of
peace, or  to engage  in war  unless actually  invaded or in such
imminent danger  as will  not admit  of delay;   the requirements
that full  faith and  credit shall  be given in each state to the
public acts,  records, and  judicial proceedings  of every  other
state, and  that the  citizens of each state shall be entitled to
all the  privileges and  immunities of  citizens of  the  several
states, and that fugitives from justice shall be surrendered from
one state  to another.  The expressed  restraints of  the  second
class include the prohibition of the grant of titles of nobility,
of the  coinage of  money, of the emission of bills of credit, of
the establishment  of any legal tender other than gold and silver
coin, of  the imposition  of duties  of  tonnage  and  duties  on
imports or exports, excepting such as may be absolutely necessary
for the  execution of  inspection laws;  of the rehabilitation of
slavery or  involuntary servitude,  except as  a  punishment  for
crime;   of the  deprivation of  any person  of life, liberty, or
property without due process of law;  of the denial to any person
of the  equal protection  of the  law;   of  disfranchisement  on
account of  race, color,  or previous  condition of servitude, or
for any  cause, except  for participation  in rebellion  or other
crime, of  any of the male inhabitants of a state who are twenty-
one years  of age  and citizens  of the  United States;   of  the
election or the appointment to office under a state of any person
who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or
as a  member of  any state  legislature, or  as an  executive  or
judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the
United States,  shall have  engaged in  insurrection or rebellion
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof,
" and whose disabilities shall not have been removed by a vote of
two-thirds of  each house  of Congress;   of  the  assumption  or
payment of any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection
or rebellion  against the  United States, or of any claim for the
loss or  emancipation of  any slave;   "and  of the  enactment of
bills of  attainder, ex  post facto  laws, or  laws impairing the
obligation of contracts.

     The implied  restraints limit  the action of the states with
regard to  taxation, the regulation of commerce, and the personal
and property  rights of  their citizens,  and of  the citizens of
other states.

     Many of  the restraints  are so clear in their terms, and so
little require  judicial construction,  that no question has ever
been raised  as to  their  legal  effect,  but  others  of  those
restraints have  been frequently  subjects of litigation. For the
purposes of  this treatise  it is  unnecessary  to  make  further
reference to  the restraints  with regard to the issue of letters
of marque  or reprisal, the maintenance of troops or ships of war
in time  of peace,  the engagement in war unless actually invaded
or in  such imminent danger as will not admit of delay, the grant
of titles  of nobility,  or the coinage of money. As, happily for
the peace  and prosperity of the country, slavery is of past, and
not of  present, interest, it is not deemed necessary to refer to
that subject  further than  to note  that the  XIII Amendment has
abolished it in every form, and forbidden its re-establishment.


The Force and Effect of the Preamble to the Constitution.

7.   The preamble  to the  Constitution declares  that  "We,  the
people of  the United  States, in  order to  form a  more perfect
union, establish  justice, insure  domestic tranquillity, provide
for the  common defense,  promote the general welfare, and secure
the blessings  of liberty  to ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do
ordain and  establish this  Constitution for the United States of
America." That  the true  significance of that declaration may be
understood,  it   must  be  remembered  that  the  people,  whose
ratification of  the instrument  gave it its legal validity, were
citizens of  independent states, which had been theretofore bound
together in  a confederation,  and which  were thenceforth  to be
united under  a government which, though limited in its action by
the reservation to the several states of all powers not delegated
to the  United States,  should yet  be supreme within its defined
bounds. (11)

     Therefore, the government created by the Constitution to the
extent of  the powers  vested in that government, national in its
character, and, by force of the rights reserved to the states, it
is also  a league of sovereign and independent states;  and every
citizen of each state, while owing allegiance to his state in all
matters not  controlled by  the  powers  granted  to  the  United
States, owes  also a paramount allegiance to the United States in
all that  is made  by the  Constitution of federal obligation. In
view of this dual, and yet undivided, allegiance due by those who
are citizens  of the  United States and also citizens of a state,
it was,  in the hour of its formation and it has ever since been,
essential to  the right  administration of  the government of the
United States under the Constitution that there should be a clear
appreciation of  the complex  character of  that government and a
careful maintenance  of the  balance  of  power  as  between  the
government of  the United  States  and  the  governments  of  the
several states.


The Territories.

8.   The Constitution  (12) dealt with the territory owned at the
time of  its adoption  and with future acquisitions of territory,
by providing  that "new  states may  be admitted  by the Congress
into the  Union," and that (13) "the Congress shall have power to
dispose of  and make all needful rules and regulations respecting
the territory or other property belonging to the United States.''
In Dred  Scott v.  Sandford (14) the court held that the power of
making rules  and regulations was intended to operate only in the
territory belonging  to the  United States  in 1787,  and not  to
extend to  subsequently acquired territory;  but that narrow view
is inconsistent  with the  judgment in  the earlier case of A. I.
Co. v. Canter (15) and with the doctrine of many later cases, and
has  never   been  recognized   in  the   administration  of  the
government. There  is nothing  in the  words of the Constitution,
nor in  the history of the times, to show that the framers of the
Constitution looked  upon any  territory of  the  United  States,
excepting the  future seat of government, in any other light than
as territory to be organized into state's so soon as the increase
of population  should render  that advisable.  (16) The  relation
between the  United States  and the states obviously differs from
the relation  between the  United States  and the territories, in
that, while  the reservation  to the states of the right of local
self-government forbids  the United  States to  exercise within a
state any  power of  local government,  the United States may, as
respects any  territory, under  the express power of making rules
and regulations,  govern and  administer that territory. In other
words, Congress  holds a  single relation  to the  states, but it
holds a  two-fold relation  to the territories.  It regulates the
foreign  and   interstate  relations  of  the  states  and  their
relations with  the territories.  It also regulates the relations
of the  territories with  foreign countries, with the states, and
with each  other, and  in addition  to  that,  it  regulates  the
internal affairs  of each  territory. Congress is, therefore, the
paramount and sole authority for every territory. As such, it may
for any  territory, as  it has  by an unbroken line of precedents
from the  adoption of  the Ordinance of the Confederation for the
government of  the Northwest  Territory to the Puerto Rico Act in
1900, create  a territorial form of government, and limit or deny
the exercise  of merely  political rights,  such as  the right of
suffrage;  (17) establish courts, which are local courts, and not
courts of  the United States, and whose judges hold their offices
for such  terms (18)  and under  such conditions (19) as Congress
may prescribe;   impose  taxation;  (20) and, generally, exercise
all powers  of government in matters of merely local concern. But
it does  not follow  from this  that Congress  may exercise, even
within a  territory, arbitrary  or despotic  power. Bradley,  J.,
said,  (21)   "Doubtless  Congress,   in  legislating   for   the
territories, would be subject to those fundamental limitations in
favour  of   personal  rights   which  are   formulated  in   the
Constitution and  its Amendments;   but  such  limitations  would
exist  rather   by  inference  and  the  general  spirit  of  the
Constitution from which Congress derives all its powers, than by,
any express  and direct  application of  its provisions." Similar
dicta of  other eminent  jurists  could  be  quoted.  (22)    The
objection to  Mr. Justice  Bradley's view  is  that,  upon  every
principle of  construction, the power in the Constitution to make
rules and regulations for the territory of the United States is a
power to  make only  such rules and regulations as may be made in
conformity with  the other  provisions of  the Constitution. That
Constitution is  the only standard of statutory validity, and its
powers and  restrictions are  to be  found only  in its  words as
judicially construed. As the Court of Appeals of New York said in
a well  considered case (23) "If the courts may imply limitation,
there is  no bound  to implication  except  judicial  discretion,
which must  place the  courts above  the legislature and also the
Constitution itself.  "This principle  necessarily  excludes  any
reliance upon inference from, or reference to, the general spirit
of the  Constitution as  a satisfactory  ground of restraint upon
legislative freedom  of action.  Indeed, it is inconceivable that
men who had signed, or approved, the Declaration of Independence,
who had  fought in  the War of the Revolution, or rejoiced in the
victory  then   won  for   free  government,   could  ever   have
contemplated  the   acquisition  by  the  United  States  of  any
territory whose  laws should  be  such  only  as  Congress  might
arbitrarily impose.  Those  men  who  had  successfully  rebelled
against the  English crown  tolerated no  despotism benevolent or
otherwise. They  believed in  a reign  of law.  With Junius, (24)
they thought  that "laws  are made  to guard against what men may
do, not  to trust  to what  they will do." They therefore, framed
their written  constitution, and  they looked  to it,  and to  it
only, for an enumeration of the powers which the sovereign people
delegated  to   their  government.    In  conformity  with  these
principles, it  has been decided that constitutional restrictions
are in  force in  the territories and in the District of Columbia
so far  as regards  trial by jury (25), and so far as regards the
rights secured  by the  V Amendment  (26) if  such be the correct
view with  regard to  the legislative  power of Congress over the
internal affairs  of the  territories, the  case would seem to be
even clearer  with regard  to the  regulation  of  the  relations
between any  one  territory and the states and other territories.
The main  reason for  the adoption  of the  Constitution  was  to
establish a  common authority, which would in the interest of the
whole country impartially regulate foreign and internal commerce,
and secure  to the  citizens of each state and of every territory
equal rights  of person  and of property in every other state and
territory;   and to  that end  the United  States was vested with
powers, and restrained in the exercise of those powers by certain
expressed limitations.  No one doubts that, so far as regards the
states, Congress,  being the creature of the Constitution, cannot
exercise any  power of  legislation other  than  that  which  is,
expressly, or  by necessary  implication, vested  in it  by  the,
Constitution. It  would also seem that even if Congress could, in
the exercise  of the power of making rules and regulations in its
untrammeled   discretion,    create,   and    provide   for   the
administration of,  local governments in the territories, it can,
nevertheless, only  regulate commerce  as between  the states and
the territories,  and impose duties on exports and imports to and
from the states and the territories under the powers, and subject
to the  restrictions, of  the Constitution.  Nevertheless, in the
Insular Cases, (27) the Supreme Court has decided, several of the
justices dissenting,  that Congress  could, after the acquisition
of Puerto  Rico as  territory of  the United  States, (28) impose
duties upon  importations into  ports of  the United  States from
Puerto Rico, and into ports of Puerto Rico from the United States
and foreign  Countries, differing  from the  duties imposed  upon
importations into  the United  States from  foreign countries. In
Hawaii v.  Mankichi (29)  the court  also held  that a citizen of
Hawaii could,  after the  acquisition of that island as territory
of the  United States,  be legally  convicted  of  crime  without
indictment by  a grand jury and by the verdict of only a majority
of a petit jury.

     In Dorr  v. U.  S., (30)  the question  was, whether  in the
absence of  a statute of Congress expressly conferring the right,
trial by  jury is  a necessary  incident in judicial procedure in
the Philippine Islands, where demand for trial by that method has
been made  by the accused and denied by the courts established in
the islands. A majority of the court held that a trial by jury is
not necessary  to the  validity of  a conviction,  sentence,  and
punishment for  crime in  the  Philippine  Islands.  (31)  It  is
possible  that   a  mistake  was  made  in  these  cases  in  not
distinguishing between  the congressional  powers of general, and
of local,  government as  affecting the  territories, and  in not
holding that  the Act  of 12th  April, 1900, was, in so far as it
imposed duties, an act of general, and not of local, legislation,
and, as  such, subject to constitutional restrictions, and in not
holding that  the Constitution  equally protects every inhabitant
of any  state or  territory  in  his  rights  of  person  and  of
property. Mr.  Justice White, (32) concedes that a duty levied in
the United States on goods coming from Puerto Rico is not a local
tax and,  therefore, not  an  exercise  of  the  power  of  local
government, but  he supports  the validity of such a tax upon the
theory that  Puerto Rico  had not  been "incorporated"  into  the
United States. Mr. Chief Justice Fuller (33) seems to answer this
view by  calling attention  to the provisions of the act imposing
the duty,  and at  the same  time creating a civil government for
Puerto Rico,  constituting its inhabitants a body politic, giving
it a  governor and  other officers,  a legislative  assembly, and
courts with  the right  of appeal there from to the Supreme Court
of the  United States,  and thereby  making that island, whatever
its  situation   before,  then  and  thence  forth  an  organized
territory of  the United  States;   and Mr.  Justice Harlan  (34)
pertinently suggests,  that "if Puerto Rico, although a territory
of the  United States, may be treated as if it were not a part of
the United  States, then New Mexico and Arizona may be treated as
not parts  of the  United States, and subject to such legislation
as Congress  may choose  to enact  without any  reference to  the
restrictions imposed  by  the  Constitution."  The  same  learned
justice also  said (35)  that the  doctrine of  the Insular Cases
means, "that,  if the  principles  now  announced  should  become
firmly established,  the time  may not be far distant when, under
the exactions  of trade  and commerce, and to gratify an ambition
to become  the dominant  political power  in all  the earth,  the
United States  will acquire territories in every direction, which
are inhabited  by human  beings, over  which territories,  to  be
called  'dependencies'   or  'Outlying   possessions,'  we   will
exercise absolute dominion and whose inhabitants will be regarded
as  'subjects'  or  'dependent  peoples,'  to  be  controlled  as
Congress may  see fit,  not as  the Constitution requires, nor as
the people governed may wish."

     It may  well be  doubted whether  the advantages, commercial
and otherwise,  obtainable by  the acquisition  and retention  of
foreign colonial possessions will ever compensate the country for
their cost  in lives and in money, and for the difficulties to be
encountered  in   the  extension   of   free   institutions   and
constitutional  government   to  peoples,   whose   history   and
traditions are  foreign to  any  such  system.  But  as  we  have
acquired colonial  possessions,  and  have,  by  reason  of  such
acquisition, assumed obligations to them, and to foreign nations,
all that  can now  be done  is to  govern those  peoples  kindly,
justly, and  firmly, and  to educate  them as rapidly as possible
for the duties of citizenship.


Footnotes:

(1)  Martin v.  Hunter's Lessee, I Wheat. 304, 324;  McCulloch v.
     Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316, 404. See also Downes v. Bidwell, 182
     U.S. 251, 285, 359, 376.

(2)  Texas v.  White, 7  WaII. 700;  White v. Hart, 13 Wall. 646;
     Keith v. Clark, 97 U.S. 454.

(3)  Pollard v.  Hagan, 3 How. 212;  Texas v. White, 7 Wall. 700;
     Shively v.  Bowlby, 152  U.S. 1;  St. A. F. W. P. Co. v. St.
     Paul W. Comrs., 168 id. 349;  Bolln v. Nebraska, 176 id. 83;
     M. T. Co. v. Mobile, 187 id. 479.

(4)  Amendments to  the Constitution,  Articles IX and X;  Martin
     v.  Hunter's   Lessee,  1  Wheat.  304,  325;    Sturges  v.
     Crowminshield, 4  Wheat. 193;   Texas v. White, 7 Wall. 700,
     721.

(5)  Buckner v.  Finley, 2  Pet.. 586,  590;    Rhode  Island  v.
     Massachusetts, 12 Pet. 722.

(6)  Martin v.  Hunter's Lessee,  1 Wheat.  304, 326;  Marbury v.
     Madison, 1  Cr. 137,  176;   Briscoe v. Bank of Kentucky, 11
     Pet. 317;   U.S. v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629;  Langford v. U.S.,
     101 id. 341.

(7)  Infra, Chapter  II;   Constitution, Article  1,  Section  8;
     MeCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 421.

(8)  Wheat. 316, 405.

(9)  Alexander Hamiltons  argument of  23d February,  1791, as to
     the  constitutionality   of  a   national  bank.  3  Lodge's
     Hamilton's Works,  18l;   Juilliard v+.  Greenman,  110 U.S.
     421;  Logan v. U.S.,  144 id. 263;  In re Debs, 158 id. 564;
     Downes v. Bidwell, 182 id. 288.

(10) Sturges v. Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 122, 193 ;  Houston v. M

(11) Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304, 325.

(12) Art. IV, Bee. 3, Par. 1.

(13) Art. IV, Sec. 3, Par. 2.

(14) 19 How. 393.

(15) 1 Pet. 511.

(16) McAllister v. U.S. 141 U.S. 174, 187.

(17) Murphy v. Ramsey, 114 U.S. 15.

(18) A. I.  Co. v.  Canter, 1 Pet. 511;  Benner v. Porter, 9 How.
     235;   Clinton  v. Englebrecht, 13 Wall. 434;  Hornbuckle v.
     Toombs,  18 id. 648;  Good v.  Martin, 95 U.S. 90;  Reynolds
     v. U.S., 98 id. 145;  City of Panama, 101 id. 453.

(19) McAllister v. U.S., 141 U.S. 174.

(20) Loughborough v. BLake, 5 Wheat. 317.

(21) Mormon Church v. United States, 136 U.S. 44.

(22) Many are cited in the able paper of the late Richard C. Dale
     on "Implied Limitations upon the Exercise of the Legislative
     Power," 24 American Bar Association Proceedings, 295.

(23) Wynehamer v. The People, 13 N. Y. 428.

(24) Letter to Sir William Blackstone.

(25) Callan  v. Wilson,  127 U.S. 540;  Thompson v. Utah, 170 id.
     343;

(26) Baunian v. Ross, 167 U.S. 548.

(27) Downes v. Bidwell,  182 U.S. 244;  De Lima v. Bidwell, ibid.
     1;   Dooley v.  U.S.,  ibid.  222;  Dooley v. U.S., 183  id.
     151;  Fourteen Diamond Rings, Emil J. Pepke, Claimant, v. U.
     S., ibid. 176.  In Dorr v. United States, 195 U.S. 138, 154,
     Peckham,  J.,  said  that  Downes  v.  Bidwell,  supra,  "is
     authority only for the proposition that the plaintiff therin
     was not entitled to recover the amount of duties he had paid
     under protest upon the importation into the city of New York
     of certain oranges from the Port of San Juank, in the island
     of Porto  Rico, in  November, 1900, after the passage of the
     act known as the  Foraker Act.  The various reasons advanced
     by the  judges in  reaching this  conclusion, which were not
     concurred in  by a  majority of  the court,  are plainly not
     binding."  In  that  view  Fuller,  C.J.,  and  Brewer,  J.,
     concurred.

(28) Act of 12th April, 1900, 31 Stat. 77, C. 191.

(29) 190 U.  S. 197.  Fuller,  C.  J.,  and  Harlan,  Brewer  and
     Peckham, JJ., dissented.

(30) 195 U.S. 138.

(31) Day, J., delivered the judgment of the court, and Fuller, C.
     J., and  Brewer and  Peckham, JJ.,  concurred in  the result
     upon  the  authority of  Hawaii v.  Mankichi, 190  U.S. 197.
     Harlan ,  J., dissented,  saying,  p.154:  "In  my  opinion,
     guaranties  for   the  protection   of  life,  liberty,  and
     property, as  embodied in  the  Constitution,  are  for  the
     benefit of  all, of whatever race or nativity, in the states
     composing the  Union, or in any territory, however acquired,
     over the  inhabitants of  which the government of the United
     States may exercise the

(32) 182 U.S. 299.

(33) Ibid. 372.

(34) Ibid. 389. 35 Hawaii v. Mankichi, 190 U.S. 197, 240


                           CHAPTER II:
                       THE IMPLIED POWERS.

 9.  The Necessity of their Existence.
10.  Their Constitutional Recognition.
11.  The Test of the Relation of the Means to the End.
12.  Illustrations of the Exercise of the Implied Powers.
13.  The Legal Tender Question.


The Necessity of their Existence.

9.   The Constitution  was not framed to meet only the exigencies
of the  period of its formation, nor does it purport to be a code
which with  minute detail prescribes all that may be done and all
that may  not be  done by Congress in the execution of the powers
specifically granted.  (1) As Mr. Webster said in his argument in
Gibbous v.  Ogden, (2)  and as  Marshall, C.  J., repeated in his
judgment in that cause, (3) the Constitution enumerates, but does
not define, the powers which it grants, nor does it prescribe the
means which may rightfully be used in executing those powers, and
without whose  use the grant of the powers would be nugatory. (4)
Therefore, if  the Constitution  contained no  clause recognizing
the existence of powers which are subsidiary or incidental to the
powers expressly  granted, it  would be  impossible to  avoid the
conclusion that  there is  an implied  grant of  such  incidental
powers, for  otherwise the  powers  expressly  granted  would  be
practically inoperative.  Nor is  the force of this conclusion at
all affected  by the  X Amendment,  for while  that amendment  in
terms forbids  the exercise by Congress of any undelegated power,
it does  not forbid the exercise of powers which are delegated by
implication. (5)


Their Constitutional Recognition.

10.  Section 8  of Article  I of  the Constitution  declares that
"the Congress shall have power ..... to make all laws which shall
be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing
powers, and  all other  powers vested by this Constitution in the
government of  the United States, or in any department or officer
thereof. "  But, it may be said, who is to conclusively determine
whether  or   not  any  statute  is,  within  the  terms  of  the
Constitution, "necessary  and proper for carrying into execution"
a power  granted by the Constitution to Congress? If Congress can
so determine,  obviously any  and every  act of  Congress must be
regarded as  constitutional.  If  in  the  exercise  of  judicial
jurisdiction the  final determination  of that  question is to be
made by  the court,  what principles  are to  guide the judges in
coming to  a conclusion,  and by  what test are they to determine
the relation between the means and the end, and the degree of the
necessity and the propriety of the use of the particular means ?


The Test of the Relation of the Means to the End.

11.  The result  of the  authorities, so  far as  they afford  an
answer to this question, can be best stated by the quotation of a
famous dictum  originated by  Mr. Hamilton (6) and paraphrased by
Chief Justice  Marshall in the judgment in McCulloch v. Maryland,
(7) and  which, in  its final perfected form, is as follows: "Let
the end  be legitimate,  let  it  be  within  the  scope  of  the
Constitution, and  means which are appropriate, which are plainly
adapted to  the end,  which are  not prohibited, but consist with
the letter  and spirit  of the Constitution, are constitutional."
(8) This  dictum means  that Congress  may, in the execution of a
power expressly  granted, adopt  any  means  which  (1)  are  not
expressly prohibited  by the  Constitution, nor  (2) inconsistent
with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, and which are (3)
not the  only possible  means, nor an absolutely or indispensably
necessary means, but an appropriate and plainly adapted means, to
the attainment  of an  end authorized  by the  Constitution. From
this it  follows, that if the relation of the means to the end be
shown to  exist, and  if the  use of  the particular means be not
expressly  or   impliedly  forbidden  by  the  Constitution,  the
question of  the degree of its appropriateness, of its greater or
less adaptation,  and of  its relative  or absolute  necessity is
purely political,  and the determination of Congress. with regard
thereto is binding upon the courts.


Illustrations of the Exercise of the Implied Powers.

12.  Under the  doctrine of  the implied powers, it has been held
that Congress may enact statutes creating banking corporations as
fiscal aids  to the  government;   (9) imposing upon national and
state banks  a tax  upon the  amount of  the notes of state banks
paid out by them;  (10) giving priority to the United States as a
creditor in  the distribution  of the  assets of  a bankrupt;   "
declaring that  the embezzlement  by a  guardian of  his  ward's,
pension granted  by the  United States  is a  crime  against  the
United States;  (12) taxing  lands in  the District  of Columbia;
(13) declaring  it to  be a crime to bring into the United States
from a  foreign place  counterfeit coins forged in the similitude
of coins  of the  United States;   (14)  constituting a  judicial
system to  carry into execution the judicial powers vested by the
Constitution in  the United States;  (15) regulating the carriage
of the  mails and  determining what  may be  transported and what
must be  excluded from  the mails;   (16)  punishing for contempt
others than members of Congress;  (17) protecting citizens of the
United States  in the  exercise of  the  rights  of  suffrage  at
elections for  members of  Congress;   (18) authorizing a limited
intercourse on  prescribed conditions  with the  enemy in time of
war;   (19) prescribing the effect to be given in state courts to
judgments and  decrees rendered  in courts  of the United States;
(20) authorizing  the issue  by courts  of the  United States  of
writs of  habeas corpus  ad subjiciendum in cases of restraint of
personal liberty  under the  process of  state courts  issued  in
violation of rights claimed under the Constitution or laws of the
United States;  (21) authorizing the removal to the courts of the
United States  of causes  depending in state courts and involving
questions of  federal cognizance;   (22)  exercising the right of
eminent domain  with regard  to land within the bounds of a state
and held  in  private  ownership;    (23)  in  order  to  protect
purchasers under  the homestead  laws of  lands belonging to the,
United  States  but  situated  within  the  limits  of  a  state,
punishing those  who conspire  to intimidate  such purchasers and
drive them  away from  the land  so purchased;  (24) prohibiting,
under penalties,  officers of  the United States from requesting,
giving to, or receiving from any other officer money or property,
or  other   things  of  value,  for  political  purposes;    (25)
protecting  against   unlawful  violence   prisoners  accused  of
committing crimes  against the  United  State  (26)  and  private
citizens giving  information against  prisoners so  held;    (27)
providing for  the acquisition  of  territory  (28)  establishing
consular tribunals  in foreign lands;  (29) and providing for the
exclusion (30) or expulsion (30) of aliens from the limits of the
United States.


The Legal Tender Question.

13.  It has  also been  held that  Congress  may  issue  a  paper
currency and  declare that  that currency shall be a legal tender
in payment  of debts.  Until in  1862 the  financial needs of the
government in  carrying on  a war  for  the  suppression  of  the
rebellion rendered it, in the opinion of Congress, necessary that
the treasury  notes of  the United  States should be made a legal
tender in the payment of debts, neither statesmen nor jurists had
asserted that  Congress had, under the Constitution, the power of
making anything  but gold or silver coin a legal tender. The acts
of Congress  of 25th  February, 1862,  11th July,  1862, and  3rd
March, 1863 (32) declared that the notes issued thereunder should
be "lawful  money and  a legal  tender in  payment of  all debts,
public and  private, within  the United  States, except duties on
imports, etc."  Under these acts it has been decided that neither
taxes imposed  by state  authority, (33)  nor private obligations
payable by  their terms  in gold  or silver  coin, (34) are debts
within the terms of the acts of Congress dischargeable by payment
in legal tender notes. In Hepburn v. Griswold (35) the court held
that the  Legal Tender Acts applied to debts contracted before as
well  as  to  debts  contracted  after  the  enactment  of  those
statutes, and  that, so  far as  they applied to debts contracted
before their  passage, the statutes were unconstitutional, but in
the Legal  Tender Cases  36 Hepburn v. Griswold was overruled, so
far as  regards the second branch of the proposition laid down in
it, and  the constitutionality  of  the  Legal  Tender  Acts  was
sustained, the ground of decision being that the power to impress
the notes  of the  government with  the quality  of legal tender,
though not  expressed in  the Constitution,  was  "necessary  and
proper for  carrying into  execution, the express powers to "Coin
money ....  to regulate  the value  thereof," "to pay the debts,"
"to borrow  money, "  " to  raise and  support armies, " and " to
provide and  maintain a  navy;" that  the Constitution  does  not
expressly prohibit  the issue of legal tender notes by the United
States;   that their issue is not inconsistent with the letter or
the  spirit   of  the   Constitution,  and  that  the  end  being
constitutional and the means being appropriate, the degree of its
appropriateness is  subject to  legislative,  and  not  judicial,
determination. The  Legal Tender Cases are followed and supported
by Dooley  v. Smith,  (37) Bigler  v. Waller  (38) N.  & W. R. v.
Johnson (39)  and Julliard v. Greenman, (40) in the last of which
cases it  was held, that the power to make treasury notes a legal
tender exists  in time  of peace  as well  as in time of war, and
that legal  tender  notes  when  redeemed  by  the  Treasury  and
reissued under  the Act  of 31st  May, 1878,  retain their  legal
tender quality.

     The legal  tender which the law compels a creditor to accept
in satisfaction  of a  debt payable  in  money  should  never  be
anything other  than that  money which  has  market  value  as  a
commodity, independently  of any  governmental fiat  and  of  all
legal tender  laws.   The giving  of the  legal tender quality to
currency of  inferior purchasing  power has  never  succeeded  in
increasing that  purchasing power,  but it  has in many instances
enabled debtors to defraud creditors.


Footnotes:

(1)  McCulloch v.  Maryland, 4  Wheat. 406;   Martin  v. Hunter's
     Lessee, 1 id. 326.

(2)  6 Webster's Works, 9.

(3)  9 Wheat, 189.

(4)  McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 407.

(5)  Mr. Hamilton's  argument as  to a  national bank.  3 Lodge's
     Hamilton's Works, 183;  McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 406.

(6)  Argument as to a national bank. 3 Lodge's ton's Works, 190.

(7) 4 Wheat. 421.

(8)  The opposing view, sustaining the strict construction of the
     Constitution,  is,   perhaps,  most   strongly  put  by  Mr.
     Jefferson. Memoirs,  Vol. IV, pp. 197, 207, 526;  4 Elliot's
     Debate-S, 609.

(9)  McCulloch v.  Maryland, 4  Wheat 316;  Osborn v. The Bank of
     the U.S., 9 id. 738.

(10) Veazie Bank v. Fenno, 8 Wall. 533.

(11) U.S. v. Fisher, 2 Cr. 358.

(12) U.S. v. Hall, 98 U.S. 343.

(13) Loughborough v. Blake, 5 Wheat. 317.

(14) U.S. v. Marigold, 9 How. 560.

(15) Ableman v. Booth, 21 How. 506, 521.

(16) Ex parte Jackson, 96 U.S. 727;  In re Rapier, 143 id. 110.

(17) Anderson v.  Dunn, 6  Wheat. 204;   In re Chapman, 166 U.S.
     661. But see Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 id. 168.

(18) Ex parte Yarbrough, 110 U.S. 651.

(19) Hamilton v. Dillin, 21 Wall. 73.

(20) Embry v. Palmer, 107 U.S. 3.

(21) Ex parte  Royall,  117 U.S. 241;  Ex parte Fonda, ibid. 516;
     In re  Neagle, 135  id. 1;   Ohio  v. Thomas,  173 id.  276;
     Boske v.  Comingore 177 id. 459;  cf. Minnesota v. Brundage,
     180 id. 499.

(22) Martin  v. Hunter's  Lessee, 1  Wheat. 304,  349;   Bock  v.
     Perkins, 139  U.S. 628;   Marshall  v. Holmes,  141 id. 589;
     Martin v. B. & 0. R., 151 id. 673.

(23) Kohl v. U.S.,  91 U.S. 367;  Luxton v. N. R. Bridge Co., 153
     id. 525;   Chappell  v. U.S.,  160 id.  499;   U.S. v. G. E.
     Ry., ibid. 668.

(24) U.S. v. Waddell, 112 U.S. 76.

(25) Ex Parte  Curtis, 106  U.S. 371;   Stat. 15th Aug., 1876, c.
     287, sec. 6.

     For  further   illustrations  of   the  implied   powers  of
     legislation which  Congress may exercise, see the judgements
     of Story,  J., in  Prigg v. Penna., 16 Pet. 619;  of Strong,
     J., in  The Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wall. 457, 535;  of Gray,
     J., in Juilliard v. Greenman, 110 U.S. 421, 444;  of Miller,
     J., in  Ex parte  Yarbrough, ibid. 658, and in In re Neagle,
     135 id. 1, and of Bradley, J., in Mormon Church v. U.S., 136
     id. 1.  In Downes  v. Bidwell,  182 id.  244, and  again  in
     Dooley v.  U.S., 183  id. 151, the court sustained an act of
     Congress which  imposed duties  for the exclusive benefit of
     those who were not citizens of the United States.

(26) Logan v. U.S., 144 U.S. 263.

(27) In re Quarles and Butler, 158 U.S. 532.

(28) A. 1.  Co. v.  Canter, 1  Pet. 511;  De Lima v. Bidwell, 182
     U.S. 1.

(29) In re Ross, 140 U.S. 453.

(30) Chinese Exclusion  Case, 130  U.S. 581;   Lem  Moon Sing  v.
     U.S., 158 id. 538.

(31) Fong Yue  Ting v.  U.S., 149  U.S. 698;   Japanese Immigrant
     Case, 189 id. 86.

(32) 12 Stat. 345, 532, 709.

(33) Lane County  v. Oregon,  7 Wall.  71;   Hagar v. Reclamation
     District, 111 U.S. 701.

(34) Bronson v.  Rodes, 7  Wall. 229;   Butler  v. Horwitz, ibid.
     258;  Bronson v. Kimpton, 8 id. 444.

(35) 8 Wall 603.

(36) 12 Wall. 457.

(37) 13 Wall. 604.

(38) 14 Wall. 297.

(39) 15 Wall. 195.

(40) 110 U.S. 421.


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C. Stuart Patterson