A LAW DICTIONARY
ADAPTED TO THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AND OF THE
SEVERAL STATES OF THE AMERICAN UNION
With References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law
by
John Bouvier
Ignoratis terminis ignoratur et ars. - Co. Litt. 2 a.
Je sais que chaque science et chaque art a ses termes
propres, inconnu au commun des hommes. - Fleury
SIXTH EDITION, REVISED, IMPROVED, AND GREATLY ENLARGED.
VOL. I.
___________________________
PHILADELPHIA
CHILDS & PETERSON, 124 ARCH STREET
1856
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand
eight hundred and thirty-nine, BY JOHN BOUVIER, In the Clerk's
Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania.
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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand
eight hundred and forty-three, BY JOHN BOUVIER, In the Clerk's
Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania.
_____________________________
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand
eight hundred and forty-eight, BY JOHN BOUVIER, In the Clerk's
Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania.
_____________________________
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand
eight hundred and fifty-two, BY ELIZA BOUVIER and ROBERT E.
PETERSON, Trustees, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
Deacon & Peterson, Printers
66 South Third Street.
TO THE HONORABLE
JOSEPH STORY, L L.D.,
One of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 1 of 118
THIS WORK IS WITH HIS PERMISSION MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED AS A
TOKEN OF GREAT REGARD ENTERTAINED FOR HIS TALENTS, LEARNING, AND
CHARACTER,
by
THE AUTHOR.
ADVERTISEMENT
TO THE THIRD EDITION
Encouraged by the success of this work, the author has
endeavored to render this edition as perfect as it was possible
for him to make it. He has remoulded very many of the articles
contained in the former editions, and added upwards of twelve
hundred new ones.
To render the work as useful as possible, he has added a
very copious index to the whole, which, at the same time that it
will assist the inquirer, will exhibit the great number of
subjects treated in these volumes.
As Kelham's Law Dictionary has been published in this city,
and can be had by those who desire to possess it, that work has
not been added as an appendix to this edition.
Philadelphia, November, 1848.
ADVERTISEMENT
TO THE FOURTH EDITION
Since the publication of the last edition of this work, its
author, sincerely devoted to the advancement of his profession,
has given to the world his Institutes of American Law, in 4 vols.
Svo. Always endeavoring to render his Dictionary as perfect as
possible, he was constantly revising it; and whenever he met
with an article which he had omitted, he immediately prepared it
for a new edition. After the completion of his Institutes, in
September last, laboring to severely, he fell a victim to his
zeal, and died on the 18th of November, 1851, at the age of
sixty-four.
In preparing this edition, not only has the matter left by
its author been made use of, but additional matter has been
added, so that the present will contain nearly one-third more
than the last edition. Under one head, that of Maxims, nearly
thirteen hundred new articles have been added. The book has been
carefully examined, a great portion of it by two members of the
bar, in order that it might be purged, as far as possible, from
all errors of every description. The various changes in the
constitutions of the states made since the last edition, have
been noticed, so far as was compatible with this work; and every
effort made to render it as perfect as a work of the kind would
permit, in order that it might still sustain the reputation given
to it by a Dublin barrister, "of being a work of a most elaborate
character, as compared with English works of a similar nature,
and one which should be in every library."
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 2 of 118
That it may still continue to receive the approbation of the
Bench and Bar of the United States, is the sincere desire of the
widow and daughter of its author.
PREFACE
To the difficulties which the author experienced on his
admission to the bar, the present publication is to be
attributed. His endeavours to get forward in his profession were
constantly obstructed, and his efforts for a long time
frustrated, for want of that knowledge which his elder brethren
of the bar seemed to possess. To find among the reports and the
various treatises on the law the object of his inquiry, was a
difficult task; he was in a labyrinth without a guide: and much
of the time which was spent in finding his way out, might, with
the friendly assistance of one who was acquainted with the
construction of the edifice, have been saved, and more profitably
employed. He applied to law dictionaries and digests within his
reach, in the hope of being directed to the source whence they
derived their learning, but be was too often disappointed; they
seldom pointed out the authorities where the object of his
inquiry might be found. It is true such works contain a great
mass of information, but from the manner in which they have been
compiled, they sometimes embarrassed him more than if he had not
consulted them. They were written for another country, possessing
laws different from our own, and it became a question how far
they were or were not applicable here. Besides, most of the
matter in the English law dictionaries will be found to have been
written while the feudal law was in its full vigor, and not
fitted to the present times, nor calculated for present use, even
in England. And there is a great portion which, though useful to
an [vii] English lawyer, is almost useless to the American
student. What, for example, have we to do with those laws of
Great Britain which relate to the person of their king, their
nobility, their clergy, their navy, their army; with their game
laws; their local statutes, such as regulate their banks, their
canals, their exchequer, their marriages, their births, their
burials, their beer and ale houses, and a variety of similar
subjects?
The most modern law dictionaries are compilations from the
more ancient, with some modifications and alterations and, in
many instances, they are servile copies, without the slightest
alteration. In the mean time the law has undergone a great
change. Formerly the principal object of the law seemed to be to
regulate real property, in all its various artificial
modifications, while little or no attention was bestowed upon the
rules which govern personal property and rights. The mercantile
law has since arisen, like a bright pyramid, amid the gloom of
the feudal law, and is now far more important in practice, than
that which refers to real estate. The law of real property, too,
has changed, particularly in this country.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 3 of 118
The English law dictionaries would be very unsatisfactory
guides, even in pointing out where the laws relating to the
acquisition and transfer of real estate, or the laws of descent
in the United States, are to be found. And the student who seeks
to find in the Dictionaries of Cowel, Manly, Jacobs, Tomlins,
Cunningham, Burn, Montefiore, Pott, Whishaw, Williams, the Termes
de Ley, or any similar compilation, any satisfactory account in
relation to international law, to trade and commerce, to maritime
law, to medical jurisprudence, or to natural law, will probably
not be fully gratified. He cannot, of course, expect to find in
them anything in relation to our government, our constitutions,
or our political or civil institutions.[viii]
It occurred to the author that a law dictionary, written
entirely anew, and calculated to remedy those defects, would be
useful to the profession. Probably overrating his strength, he
resolved to undertake the task, and if he should not fully
succeed, he will have the consolation to know, that his effort
may induce some more gifted individual, and better qualified by
his learning, to undertake such a task, and to render the
American bar an important service. Upon an examination of the
constitution and laws of the United States, and of the several
states of the American Union, he perceived many technical
expressions and much valuable information which he would be able
to incorporate in his work. Many of these laws, although local
in their nature, will be found useful to every lawyer,
particularly those engaged in mercantile practice. As instances
of such laws the reader is referred to the articles
Acknowledgment, Descent, Divorce, Letters of Administration, and
Limitatio. It is within the plan of this work to explain such
technical expressions as relate to the legislative, executive, or
judicial departments of the government; the political and the
civil rights and duties of the citizens; the rights and duties
of persons, particularly such as are peculiar to our
institutions, as, the rights of descent and administration; of
the mode of acquiring and transferring property; to the criminal
law, and its administration. It has also been an object with the
author to embody in his work such decisions of the courts as
appeared to him to be important, either because they differed
from former judgments, or because they related to some point
which was before either obscure or unsettled. He does not profess
to have examined or even referred to all the American cases; it
is a part of the plan, however, to refer to authorities,
generally, which will lead the student to nearly all the cases.
The author was induced to believe, that an occasional
comparison of the civil, canon, and other systems of foreign law,
with our own,[ix] would be useful to the profession, and
illustrate many articles which, without such aid, would not
appear very clear; and also to introduce many terms from foreign
laws, which may supply a deficiency in ours. The articles
Condonation, Extradition, and Novation, are of this sort. He was
induced to adopt this course because the civil law has been
considered, perhaps not without justice, the best system of
written reason, and as all laws are or ought to be founded in
reason, it seemed peculiarly proper to have recourse to this
fountain of wisdom: but another motive influenced this decision;
one of the states of the Union derives most of its civil
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 4 of 118
regulations from the civil law; and there seemed a peculiar
propriety, therefore, in introducing it into an American law
dictionary. He also had the example of a Story, a Kent, Mr.
Angell, and others, who have ornamented their works from the same
source. And he here takes the opportunity to acknowledge the
benefits which he has derived from the learned labors of these
gentlemen, and of those of Judge Sergeant, Judge Swift, Judge
Gould, Mr. Rawle, and other writers on American law and
jurisprudence.
In the execution of his plan, the author has, in the first
place, defined and explained the various words and phrases, by
giving their most enlarged meaning, and then all the shades of
signification of which they are susceptible; secondly, he has
divided the subject in the manner which to him appeared the most
natural, and laid down such principles and rules as belong to it;
in these cases he has generally been careful to give an
illustration, by citing a case whenever the subject seemed to
require it, and referring to others supporting the same point;
thirdly, whenever the article admitted of it, he has compared it
with the laws of other countries within his reach, and pointed
out their concord or disagreement; and, fourthly, he has
referred to the authorities, the abridgments, digests, and the
[x] ancient and modem treatises, where the subject is to be
found, in order to facilitate the researches of the student. He
desires not to be understood as professing to cite cases always
exactly in point; on the contrary, in many instances the
authorities will probably be found to be but distantly connected
with the subject under examination, but still connected with it,
and they have been added in order to lead the student to matter
of which he may possibly be in pursuit.
To those who are aware of the difficulties of the task, the
author deems it unnecessary to make any apology for the
imperfections which may be found in the work. His object has been
to be useful; if that has been accomplished in any degree, he
will be amply rewarded for his labor; and he relies upon the
generous liberality of the members of the profession to overlook
the errors which may have been committed in his endeavors to
serve them.
PHILADELPHIA, September, 1839.
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LAW DICTIONARY
A:
A, the first letter of the English and most other alphabets,
is frequently used as an abbreviation, (q. v.) and also in the
marks of schedules or papers, as schedule A, B, C, &c. Among the
Romans this letter was used in criminal trials. The judges were
furnished with small tables covered with wax, and each one
inscribed on it the initial letter of his vote; A, when he voted
to absolve the party on trial; C, when he was for condemnation;
and N L, (non liquet) when the matter did not appear clearly, and
be desired a new argument.
A MENSA ET THORO, from bed and board. A divorce a mensa et
thoro, is rather a separation of the parties by act of law, than
a dissolution of the marriage. It may be granted for the causes
of extreme cruelty or desertion of the wife by the husband. 2
Eccl. Rep. 208. This kind of divorce does not affect the
legitimacy of children, nor authorize a second marriage. V. A
vinculo matrimonii; Cruelty Divorce.
A PRENDRE, French, to take, to seize, in contracts, as profits
a prendre. Ham. N. P. 184; or a right to take something out of
the soil. 5 Ad. & Ell. 764; 1 N. & P. 172 it differs from a
right of way, which is simply an easement or interest which
confers no interest in the land. 5 B. & C. 221.
A QUO, A Latin phrases which signifies from which; example,
in the computation of time, the day a quo is not to be counted,
but the day ad quem is always included. 13 Toull. n. 52 ; 2 Duv.
n. 22. A court a quo, the court from which an appeal has been
taken; a judge a quo is a judge of a court below. 6 Mart. Lo. R.
520; 1 Har. Cond. L. R. 501. See Ad quem.
A RENDRE, French, to render, to yield, contracts. Profits a
rendre; under this term are comprehended rents and services. Ham
N. P. 192.
A VINCULO MATRIMONII, from the bond of marriage. A marriage
may be dissolved a vinculo, in many states, as in Pennsylvania,
on the ground of canonical disabilities before marriage, as that
one of the parties was legally married to a person who was then
living; impotence, (q. v.,) and the like adultery cruelty and
malicious desertion for two years or more. In New York a sentence
of imprisonment for life is also a ground for a divorce a
vinculo. When the marriage is dissolved a vinculo, the parties
may marry again but when the cause is adultery, the guilty party
cannot marry his or her paramour.
AB INITIO, from the beginning.
2. When a man enters upon lands or into the house of another
by authority of law, and afterwards abuses that authority, he
becomes a trespasser ab initio. Bac. Ab. Trespass, B.; 8 Coke,
146 2 Bl. Rep. 1218 Clayt. 44. And if an officer neglect to
remove goods attached within a reasonable time and continue in
possession, his entry becomes a trespass ab initio. 2 Bl. Rep.
1218. See also as to other cases, 2 Stra. 717 1 H. Bl. 13 11
East, 395 2 Camp. 115 2 Johns. 191; 10 Johns. 253; ibid. 369.
3. But in case of an authority in fact, to enter, an abuse
of such authority will not, in general, subject the party to an
action of trespass, Lane, 90 ; Bae. Ab. Trespass, B ; 2 T. It.
166. See generally 1 Chit. PI. 146. 169. 180.
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AB INTESTAT. An heir, ab intestat, is one on whom the law
casts the inheritance or estate of a person who dies intestate.
AB IRATO, civil law. A Latin phrase, which signifies by a man
in anger. It is applied to bequests or gifts, which a man makes
adverse to the interest of his heir, in consequence of anger or
hatred against him. Thus a devise made under these circumstances
is called a testament ab irato. And the suit which the heirs
institute to annul this will is called an action ab irato.
Merlin, Repert. mots Ab irato.
ABANDONMENT, contracts. In the French law, the act by which
a debtor surrenders his property for the benefit of his
creditors. Merl. Rep. mot Abandonment.
ABANDONMENT, contracts. In insurances the act by which the
insured relinquishes to the assurer all the property to the thing
insured.
2.- No particular form is required for an abandonment, nor need
it be in writing; but it must be explicit and absolute, and must
set forth the reasons upon which it is founded.
3.-It must also be made in reasonable time after the loss.
4.-It is not in every case of loss that the insured can abandon.
In the following cases an abandonment may be made: when there is
a total loss; when the voyage is lost or not worth pursuing, by
reason of a peril insured against or if the cargo be so damaged
as to be of little or no value; or where the salvage is very
high, and further expense be necessary, and the insurer will not
engage to bear it or if what is saved is of less value than the
freight; or where the damage exceeds one half of the value of
the goods insured or where the property is captured, or even
detained by an indefinite embargo ; and in cases of a like
nature.
5.-The abandonment, when legally made transfers from the insured
to the insurer the property in the thing insured, and obliges him
to pay to the insured what he promised him by the contract of
insurance. 3 Kent, Com. 265; 2 Marsh. Ins. 559 Pard. Dr. Coin.
n. 836 et seq. Boulay Paty, Dr. Com. Maritime, tit. 11, tom. 4,
p. 215.
ABANDONMENT. In maritime contracts in the civil law,
principals are generally held indefinitely responsible for the
obligations which their agents have contracted relative to the
concern of their commission but with regard to ship owners there
is remarkable peculiarity; they are bound by the contract of the
master only to the amount of their interest in the ship, and can
be discharged from their responsibility by abandoning the ship
and freight. Poth. Chartes part. s. 2, art. 3, § 51; Ord. de la
Mar. des proprietaires, art. 2; Code de Com. 1. 2, t. 2, art.
216.
ABANDONMENT, Rights. The relinquishment of a right; the
giving up of something to which we are entitled.
2. - Legal rights, when once vested, must be divested
according to law, but equitable rights may be abandoned. 2 Wash.
R. 106. See 1 H. & M. 429; a mill site, once occupied, may be
abandoned. 17 Mass. 297; an application for land, which is an
inception of title, 5 S. & R. 215; 2 S. & R. 378; 1 Yeates,
193, 289; 2 Yeates, 81, 88, 318; an improvement, 1 Yeates, 515
; 2 Yeates, 476; 5 Binn. 73; 3 S. & R. 319; Jones' Syllabus
of Land Office Titles in Pennsylvania, chap. xx; and a trust
fund, 3 Yerg. 258 may be abandoned.
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3. - The abandonment must be made by the owner without being
pressed by any duty, necessity or utility to himself, but simply
because he wishes no longer to possess the thing; and further it
must be made without any desire that any other person shall
acquire the same; for if it were made for a consideration, it
would be a sale or barter, and if without consideration, but with
an intention that some other person should become the possessor,
it would be a gift: and it would still be a gift though the owner
might be indifferent as to whom the right should be transferred;
for example, he threw money among a crowd with intent that some
one should acquire the title to it.
ABANDONMENT for torts, a term used in the civil law. By the
Roman law, when the master was sued for the tort of his slave, or
the owner for a trespass committed by his animal, he might
abandon them to the person injured, and thereby save himself from
further responsibility.
2. - Similar provisions have been adopted in Louisiana. It is
enacted by the civil code that the master shall be answerable for
all the damages occasioned by an offence or quasi offence
committed by his slave. He may, however, discharge himself from
such responsibility by abandoning the slave to the person
injured; in which case such person shall sell such slave at
public auction in the usual form; to obtain payment of the
damages and costs; and the balance, if any, shall be returned to
the master of the slave, who shall be completely discharged,
although the price of the slave should not be sufficient to pay
the whole amount of the damages and costs; provided that the
master shall make abandonment within three days after the
judgment awarding such damages, shall have been rendered;
provided also that it shall not be proved that the crime or
offence was committed by his order, for in such cases the master
shall be answerable for all damages resulting therefrom, whatever
be the amount, without being admitted to the benefit of
abandonment. Art. 180, 181.
3. - The owner of an animal is answerable for the damages he
has caused; but if the animal had been lost, or had strayed more
than a day, he may discharge himself from this responsibility, by
abandoning him to the person who has sustained the injury, except
where the master has turned loose a dangerous or noxious animal,
for then he must pay for all the harm he has done, without being
allowed, to make the abandonment. Ib. art. 2301.
ABANDONMENT, malicious. The act of a husband or wife, who
leaves his or her consort willfully, and with an intention of
causing perpetual separation.
2. - Such abandonment, when it has continued the length of
time required by the local statutes, is sufficient cause for a
divorce. Vide 1 Hoff. R. 47; Divorce.
ABATEMENT, chancery practice, is a suspension of all
proceedings in a suit, from the want of proper parties capable of
proceeding therein. It differs from an abatement at law in this,
that in the latter the action is in general entirely dead, and
cannot be revived, 3 Bl. Com. 168 but in the former, the right to
proceed is merely suspended, and may be revived by a bill of
revivor. Mitf. Eq. Pl. by Jeremy, 57; Story, Eq. PI. §354.
ABATEMENT, contracts, is a reduction made by the creditor, for
the prompt payment of a debt due by the payor or debtor. Wesk. on
Ins. 7.
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ABATEMENT, merc. law. By this term is understood the deduction
sometimes made at the custom-house from the duties chargeable
upon goods when they are damaged See Act of Congress, March 2,
1799, s. 52, 1 Story L. U. S. 617.
ABATEMENT, pleading, is the overthrow of an action in
consequence of some error committed in bringing or conducting it
when the plaintiff is not forever barred from bringing another
action. 1 Chit. Pl. 434. Abatement is by plea. There can be no
demurrer in abatement. Willes' Rep. 479; Salk. 220.
2. Pleas in abatement will be considered as relating, 1, to
the jurisdiction of the court; 2, to the person of the
plaintiff; 3, to that of the defendant; 4, to the writ; 5, to
the qualities. of such pleas ; 6, to the form of such pleas; 7,
to the affidavit of the truth of pleas in abatement.
3. - § 1. As to pleas relating to the jurisdiction of the
court, see article Jurisdiction, and Arch. Civ. Pl. 290; 1 Chit.
PI. Index. tit, Jurisdiction. There is only one case in which the
jurisdiction of the court may be inquired of under the general
issue, and that is where no court of the country has jurisdiction
of the cause, for in that case no action can be maintained by the
law of the land. 3 Mass. Rep. Rea v. Hayden, 1 Dougl. 450; 3
Johns. Rep. 113; 2 Penn. Law Journal 64, Meredith v. Pierie.
4. - § 2. Relating to the person of the plaintiff. 1. The
defendant may plead to the person of the plaintiff that there
never was any such person in rerum natura. Bro. Brief, 25 ; 19
Johns. 308 Com. Dig. Abatement, E 16. And if one of several
plaintiffs be a fictitious person, it abates the writ. Com. Dig.
Abatement, E 16; 1 Chit. Pl. 435; Arch. Civ. Pl. 304. But a
nominal plaintiff in ejectment may sustain an action. 5 Verm. 93;
19 John. 308. As to the rule in Pennsylvania, see 5 Watts, 423.
5. - 2. The defendant. may plead that the plaintiff is a feme
covert. Co. Lit. 132, b.; or that she is his own wife. 1 Brown.
Ent. 63; and see 3 T. R. 631; 6 T. R. 265; Com. Dig.
Abatement, E 6; 1 Chit. Pl. 437; Arch. Civ. Pl. 302. Coverture
occurring after suit brought is a plea in abatement which cannot
be pleaded after a plea in bar, unless the matter arose after the
plea in bar; but in that case the defendant must not suffer a
continuance to intervene between the happening of this new
matter, or its coming to his knowledge, and pleading it. 4 S & R.
238; Bac. Abr. Abatement, G; 4 Mass. 659; 4 S. & R.
238; 1 Bailey, 369; 4 Vern. 545; 2 Wheat. 111; 14 Mass. 295
; 1 Blackf. 288 ; 2 Bailey, 349. See 10 S. & R. 208; 7 Verm.
508; 1 Yeates, 185; 2 Dall. 184; 3 Bibb, 246.
6. - 3. That the plaintiff (unless he sue with others as
executor) is an infant and has declared by attorney. 1 Chit. Pl.
436; Arch. Civ. Pi. 301; Arch. Pr. B. R. 142 ; 2 Saund. 212,
a, n. 5; 1 Went. 58, 62; 7 John. R. 373; 3 N. H. Rep. 345; 8
Pick. 552; and see 7 Mass. 241; 4 Halst. 381 2 N. H. Rep. 487.
7. - 4. A suit brought by a lunatic under guardianship, shall
abate. Brayt. 18.
8. - 5. Death of plaintiff before the purchase of the original
writ, may be pleaded in abatement. 1 Arch. Civ. PI. 304, 5; Com.
Dig. Abatement, E 17. Death of plaintiff pending the writ might
have been pleaded since the last continuance, Com. Dig.
Abatement, H 32; 4 Hen. & Munf. 410; 3 Mass. 296 ; Cam. & Nor.
72; 4 Hawks, 433; 2 Root, 57; 9 Mass. 422; 4 H. & M. 410;
Gilmer, 145; 2 Rand. 454; 2 Greenl. 127. But in some states, as
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 9 of 118
in Pennsylvania, the, death of the plaintiff does not abate the
writ; in such case the executor or administrator is substituted.
The rule of the common law is, that whenever the death of any
party happens, pending the writ, and yet the plea is in the same
condition, as if such party were living, then such death makes no
alteration; and on this rule all the diversities turn. Gilb.
Com. Pleas 242.
9. - 6. Alienage, or that the plaintiff is an alien enemy.
Bac. Abr. h.t.; 6 Binn. 241 ; 10 Johns. 183; 9 Mass. 363 ;
Id. 377 ; 11 Mass. 119 ; 12 Mass. 8 ; 3 31. & S. 533; 2 John.
Ch. R. 508; 15 East, 260; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 4; Id. Alien,
C 5; 1 S. & R. 310; 1 Ch. PI. 435; Arch. Civ. PI. 3, 301.
10. - 7. Misnomer of plaintiff may also be pleaded in
abatement. Arch. Civ. Pi. 305; 1 Chitty's Pleading, Index, tit.
Misnomer. Com. Dig. Abatement, E 19, E 20, E 21, E 22; l Mass.
75; Bac. Abr. h. t.
11. - 8. If one of several joint tenants, sue in action ex
contractu, Co. Lit. 180, b; Bac. Abr. Joint-tenants, K; 1 B. &
P. 73; one of several joint contractors, Arch. Civ. PI. 48-51,
53 ; one of several partners, Gow on Part. 150; one of. several
joint executors who have proved the will, or even if they have
not proved the will, 1 Chit. PI. 12, 13; one of several joint
administrators, Ibid. 13; the defendant may plead the
non-joinder in abatement. Arch. Civ. Pl. 304; see Com. Dig.
Abatement, E 9, E 12, E 13, E 14.
12.-9. If persons join as plaintiffs in an action who should
not, the defendant may plead the misjoinder in abatement. Arch.
Civ. PI. 304; Com. Dig. Abatement, E 15.
13. - 10. When the plaintiff is an alleged corporation, and it
is intended to contest its existence, the defendant must plead in
abatement. Wright, 12; 3 Pick. 236; 1 Mass 485; 1 Pet. 450; 4
Pet. 501; 5 Pet. 231. To a suit brought in the name of the
"judges of the county court," after such court has been
abolished, the defendant may plead in abatement that there are no
such judges. Judges, &c. v. Phillips; 2 Bay, 519.
14. - § 3. Relating to the person of the defendant. 1. In an
action against two or more, one may plead in abatement that there
never was such a person in rerum natura as A, who is named as
defendant with him. Arch. Civ. PI. 312.
15. - 2. If the defendant be a married woman, she may in
general plead her coverture in abatement, 8 T. R. 545 ; Com.
Dig. Abatement, F 2. The exceptions to this rule arise when the
coverture is suspended. Com. Dig. Abatement, F 2, §3; Co. Lit.
132, b; 2 Bl. R. 1197; Co. B. L. 43.
16. - 3. The death of the defendant abates the writ at common
law, and in some cases it does still abate the action, see Com.
Dig. Abatement, H 34; 1 Hayw. 500; 2 Binn. l.; 1 Gilm. 145; 1
Const. Rep. 83; 4 McCord, 160; 7 Wheat. 530; 1 Watts, 229; 4
Mass. 480; 8 Greenl. 128; In general where the cause of action
dies with the person, the suit abates by the death of the
defendant before judgment. Vide Actio Personalis moritur cum
persona.
17. - 4. The misnomer of the defendant may be pleaded in
abatement, but one defendant cannot plead the misnomer of
another. Com. Dig. Abatement, F 18 ; Lutw. 36; 1 Chit. PI. 440;
Arch. Civ. PI. 312. See form of a plea in abatement for a
misnomer of the defendant in 3 Saund. 209, b., and see further, 1
Show. 394; Carth. 307 ; Comb. 188 ; 1 Lutw. 10 ; 5 T. R. 487.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 10 of 118
18. - 5. When one joint tenant, Com. Dig. Abatement, F 5, or
one tenant in common, in cases, where they ought to be joined,
Ibid. F 6, is sued alone-he may plead in abatement. And in
actions upon contracts if the plaintiff do not sue all the
contractors, the defendant may plead the non-joinder in
abatement. Ibid. F 8, a; 1 Wash. 9; 18 Johns. 459; 2 Johns.
Cas. 382 ; 3 Caines's Rep. 99 ; Arch.. Civ. PI. 309; 1 Chit.
PI. 441. When husband and wife should be sued jointly, and one is
sued alone, the non-joinder may be pleaded in abatement. Arch.
Civ. PI. 309. The non-joinder of all the executors, who have
proved the will; and the non-joinder of all the administrators
of the deceased, may be pleaded in abatement. Com. Dig.
Abatement, F 10.
19. - 6. In a real action if brought against several persons,
they may plead several tenancy, that is, that they hold in
severalty and not jointly, Com. Dig. Abatement, F 12; or one of
them may take the entire tenancy on himself, and pray judgment of
the writ. Id. F 13. But mis-joinder of defendant in a personal
action is not the subject of a plea in abatement. Arch. Civ. PI.
68, 310.
20. - 7. In cases where the defendant may plead non-tenure,
see Arch. Civ. PI. 310; Cro. El. 559.
21. - 8. Where he may plead a disclaimer, see Arch. Civ. PI.
311; Com.
Dig. Abatement, F 15.
22. - 9. A defendant may plead his privilege of not being
sued, in abatement. Bac. Ab. Abridgment C ; see this Dict. tit.
Privilege.
23. - § 4. Plea in, abatement of the writ. 1. Pleas in
abatement of the writ or a bill are so termed rather from their
effect, than from their being strictly such pleas, for as oyer of
the writ can no longer be craved, no objection can be taken to
matter which is merely contained in the writ, 3 B. & P. 399; 1
B. & P. 645-648; but if a mistake in the writ be carried into
the declaration, or rather if the declaration, which is resumed
to correspond with the writ or till, be incorrect in respect of
some extrinsic matter, it is then open to the defendant to plead
in abatement to the writ or bill, 1 B. & P. 648; 10 Mod. 210;
and there is no plea to the declaration alone but in bar; 10
Mod. 210 ; 2 Saund. 209, d. 24.-2. Pleas in abatement. of the
writ or bill and to the form or to the action. Com. Dig.
Abatement, H. 1, 17.
25. - 3. Those of the first description were formerly either
matter apparent on the face of the ;Writ, Com. Dig. Abatement, H
l, or matters dehors. Id. H 17.
26. - 4. Formerly very trifling errors were pleadable in
abatement, 1 Lutw. 25; Lilly's Ent. 6 ; 2 Rich. C. P. 5, 8 ; 1
Stra. 556; Ld. Raym. 1541 ; 2 Inst. 668; 2 B. & P. 395.. But
as oyer of the writ can no longer be had, an omission in the
defendant's declaration of the defendant's addition, which is not
necessary to be stated in a declaration, can in no case be
pleaded in abatement. 1 Saund. 318, n. 3; 3 B. & B. 395; 7
East, 882.
27. - 5. Pleas in abatement to the form of the writ, are
therefore now principally for matters dehors, Com. Dig.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 11 of 118
Abatement, H 17; Glib. C. P., 51 , existing at the time of suing
out the writ, or arising afterwards, such as misnomer of the
plaintiff or defendant in Christian or surname.
28. - 6. Pleas in abatement to the action of the writ, and
that the action is misconceived, as that it is in case where it
ought to have, been in trespass, Com. Dig. Abatement, G 5 ; or
that it was prematurely brought, Ibid. Abatement, G 6, and tit.
Action E ; but as these matters are grounds of demurrer or
nonsuit, it is now very unusual to plead them in abatement. It
may also
be pleaded that there ii another action pending. See tit. Autre
action pendant. Com. Dig. Abatement, H. 24; Bac. Ab. Abatement,
M; 1 Chitty's Pi. 443.
29. - § 6. Qualities of pleas in abatement. 1. A writ is
divisible, and may be abated in part, and remain good for the
residue; and the defendant may plead in abatement to part, and
demur or plead in bar to the residue of the declaration. 1 Chit.
PI. 444; 2 Saund. 210, n. The general rule is, that whatever
proves the writ false at the time of suing it out, shall abate
the writ entirely Gilb. C. P. 247 1 Saund. Rep. 286, (n) 7; 2
do. 72, (i)
sub fin.
30. - 2. As these pleas delay the trial of the merits of the
action, the greatest accuracy and precision are required in
framing them; they should be certain to every intent, and be
pleaded without any repugnancy. 3 T. R. 186; Willes, 42 ; 2 Bl.
R. 1096 2 Saund. 298, b, n. 1 ; Com. Dig. 1, 11 Co. Lit. 392;
Cro. Jac. 82; and must in general give the plaintiff a better
writ. This is the true criterion to distinguish a plea in
abatement from a plea in bar. 8 T. IR. 615; Bromal. 139; 1
Saund. 274, n. 4 ; 284 n. 4; 2 B. & P. 125 ; 4 T. R. 227 ; 6
East) 600 ; Com. Dig. Abatement, J 1, 2; 1 Day, 28; 3 Mass.
24; 2 Mass. 362; 1 Hayw. 501; 2 Ld. Raym. 1178; 1 East, 634.
Great accuracy is also necessary in the form of the plea as to
the commencement and conclusion, which is said to make the plea.
Latch. 178 ; 2 Saund. 209, c. d; 3 T. R. 186.
31. - § 6. Form of pleas in abatement .1 As to the form of
pleas in abatement, see 1 Chit. PI. 447; Com. Dig. Abatement, 1
19; 2 Saund. 1, n. 2.
32. - § 7. Of the affidavit of truth. 1. All pleas in
abatement must be sworn to be true, 4 Ann. c. 16, s. 11. The
affidavit may be made by the defendant or a third person, Barnes,
344, and must be positive as to the truth of every fact contained
in the plea, and should leave nothing to be collected by
inference; Sayer's Rep. 293; it should be stated that the plea
is true in substance and fact, and not merely that the plea is a
true plea. 3 Str. 705, Litt. Ent. 1; 2 Chitt. Pl. 412, 417; 1
Browne's Rep. 77 ; see. 2 Dall. 184; 1 Yeates, 185.
See further on the subject of abatement of actions, Vin. Ab.
tit. Abatement; Bac. Abr. tit. Abatement; Nelson's Abr. tit.
Abatement; American Dig. tit. Abatement; Story's Pl. 1 to 70;
1 Chit. Pl. 425 to 458; Whart. Dig. tit. Pleading, F. (b.)
Penna. Pract. Index, h. t.; Tidd's Pr. Index, h. t.; Arch. Civ.
Pl. Index, h. t.; Arch. Pract. Index, h. t. Death; Parties to
actions; Plaintiff; Puis darrein continuance.
ABATEMENT OF A FREEHOLD. The entry of a stranger after the
death of the ancestor, and before the heir or devisee takes
possession, by which the rightful possession of the heir or
devisee is defeated. 3 Bl. 1 Com. 167; Co. Lit. 277, a; Finch's
Law, 1 195; Arch. Civ. Pl. 11.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 12 of 118
2. By the ancient laws of Normandy, this term was used to
signify the act of one who, having an apparent right of
possession to an estate, took possession of it immediately after
the death of the actual possessor, before the heir entered.
Howard, Anciennes Lois des Frangais, tome 1, p. 539.
ABATEMENT OF LEGACIES, is the reduction of legacies for the
purpose of paying the testator's debts.
2. When the estate is short of paying the debts and legacies,
and there are general legacies and specific legacies, the rule is
that the general legatees must abate proportionably in order to
pay the debts; a specific legacy is not abated unless the
general legacies cannot pay all the debts; in that case what
remains to be paid must be paid by the specific legatees, who
must, where there are several, abate their legacies,
proportionably. 2 Bl. Com. 513; 2 Vessen. 561 to 564; 1 P. Wms.
680; 2 P. Wms. 283. See 2 Bro. C. C. 19; Bac.
Abr. Legacies, H; Rop. on Leg. 253, 284.
ABATEMENT OF NUISANCES is the prostration or removal of a
nuisance. 3 Bl.
2. - 1. Who may abate a nuisance; 2, the manner of abating
it. §1. Who may abate a nuisance. 1. Any person may abate a
public nuisance. 2 Salk. 458; 9 Co. 454.
3. - 2. The injured party may abate a private nuisance, which
is created by an act of commission, without notice to the person
who has committed it; but there is no case which sanctions the
abatement by an individual of nuisances from omission, except
that of cutting branches of trees which overhang a public road,
or the private property of the person who cuts them.
4. - § 2. The manner of abating it. 1. A public nuisance may
be abated without notice, 2 Salk. 458; and so may a private
nuisance which arises by an act of commission. And, when the
security of lives or property may require so speedy a remedy as
not to allow time to call on the person on whose property the
mischief has arisen to remedy it, an individual would be
justified in abating a nuisance from omission without notice. 2
Barn. & Cres. 311; 3
Dowl. & R. 556.
5. - 2. In the abatement of a public nuisance, the abator need
not observe particular care in abating it, so as to prevent
injury to the materials. And though a gate illegally fastened,
might have been opened without cutting it down, yet the cutting
would be lawful. However, it is a general rule that the abatement
must be limited by its necessity, and no wanton or unnecessary
injury must be committed. 2 Salk. 458.
6. - 3. As to private nuisances, it has been held, that if a
man in his own soil erect a thing which is a nuisance to another,
as by stopping a rivulet, and so diminishing the water used by
the latter for his cattle, the party injured may enter on the
soil of the other, and abate the nuisance and justify the
trespass; and this right of abatement is not confined merely to
a house, mill, or land. 2 Smith's Rep. 9; 2 Roll. Abr. 565; 2
Leon. 202; Com. Dig. Pleader, 3 M. 42; 3 Lev. 92; 1 Brownl.
212; Vin. Ab. Nuisance; 12 Mass. 420; 9 Mass. 316; 4 Conn.
418; 5 Conn. 210; 1 Esp. 679; 3 Taunt. 99; 6 Bing. 379.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 13 of 118
7. - 4. The abator of a private nuisance cannot remove the
materials further than is necessary, nor convert them to his own
use. Dalt. o. 50. And so much only of the thing as causes the
nuisance should be removed; as if a house be built too high, so
much. only as is too high should be pulled down. 9 Co. 53; God.
221; Str. 686.
8. - 5. If the nuisance can be removed without destruction
and delivered to a magistrate, it is advisable to do so; as in
the case of a libellous print or paper affecting an individual,
but still it may be destroyed 5 Co. 125, b.; 2 Campb. 511. See
as to cutting down trees, Roll. Rep. 394; 3 Buls 198; Vin. Ab.
tit. Trees, E, and Nuisance W.
ABATOR is, 1st, he who abates or prostrates a nuisance; 2, he
who having no right of entry, gets possession of the freehold to
the prejudiae of an heir or devisee, after the time when the
ancestor died, and before the heir or devisee enters. See article
Abatement. Litt. § 897; Perk. § 383; 1 Inst. 271; 2 Prest.
Abst. 296. 300. As to the consequences of an abator dying in
possession, See Adams' Eject. 43.
ABATUDA, obsolete. Any thing diminished; as, moneta abatuda,
which is money clipped or diminished in value. Cowell, h. t.
ABAVUS, civil law, is the great grandfather, or fourth male
ascendant. Abavia, is the great grandmother, or fourth female
ascendant.
ABBEY, abbatia, is a society of religious persons, having an
abbot or abbess to preside over them. Formerly some of the most
considerable abbots and priors in England had seats and votes in
the house of lords. The prior of St. John's of Jerusalem, was
styied the first baron of England, in respect to the lay barons,
but he was the last of the spiritual barons.
ABBREVIATION, practice. - The omission of some words or
letters in writing; as when fieri facias is written fi. fa.
2. In writing contracts it is the better practice to make no
abbreviations; but in recognizances, and many other contracts,
they are used; as John Doe tent to prosecute, &c. Richard Roe
tent to appear, &c. when the recognizances are used, they are
drawn out in extenso. See 4 Ca. & P. 61; S.C.19E.C.L.R.268; 9
Co.48.
ABBREVIATIONS and abbreviated references. The following list,
though necessarily incomplete, may be useful to some readers.
A, a, the first letter of the alphabet, is sometimes used in the
ancient law books to denote that the paging is the first of that
number in the book. As an abbreviation, A is used for anonymous.
A. & A. on Corp. Angell & Ames on Corporations. Sometimes cited
Ang. on Corp.
A. B. Anonymous Reports, printed at the end of Bendloe's Reports.
A. D. Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord
A. & E. Adolphus and Ellis' Reports.
A. & E. N. S. Adolphus & Ellis' Queen's Bench Reports, New
Series, commonly cited Q. B.
A. & F. on Fixt. Amos & Ferard on Fixtures.
A. K. Marsh. A. K. Marshall's (Kty.) Reports.
Ab. or Abr. Abridgement.
Abr. Ca. Eq. Abridgement of cases in Equity.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 14 of 118
Abs. Absolute.Ab. Sh. Abbott on Shipping.
Acc. Accord or Agrees.
Act. Acton's Reports.
Act. Reg. Acta Regia.
Ad. Eject. Adams on Ejectment.
Ad. & Ell. Adolphus & Ellis' Reports.
Ad. finn. Ad finem. At or near the ond.
Ads. Ad sectum, vide Ats.
Addam's R. Addam's Ecclesiastical Reports. In E. Eccl. Rep.
Addis on Contr. Addison on the Law of Contracts and on Parties to
actions ex contractu.
Addis. R. Addison's Reports.
Admr. Administrator.
Ady. C. M. Adye on Courts Martial.
Aik. R. Aiken's Reports.
Al. Aleyn's Cases.
Al. Alinea. Al et. Et alii, and others.
Al.& N.~~ Alcock & Napier's Reports.
Ala. R. Alabama Repo_rt~.
Alc. Reg. G~. Alcock's Reg~stration Case~
Ald. ~ Van Hoes. Dig. A Di~gest of the Laws of Mi~sissippi, by T.
J. ~Fox Alden and J. A. Yan Hoesen.
Aldr. Hilt. Aldridge's History of the Court~ of Law.
Alis. Prin. Alison's Principles of the Criminal Law of Scotland.
All. ~ Mor. Tr. Allen and Morris' Trial.
Alley. L. D. of ~Mar. Alleyne'~s Legal Degrees of Marriage
considered.
Alln. Part. Allnat on Partition.
Am. America, American, or Americana.
Amb. Ambler's Reports.
Am. ~ Fer. on. F~ixt. Amo~s & Ferard on Fi~xture~s.
Amer. ~America, American, or Americana.
Amer. Dig. American Dige~t.
~Amer. Jur. American Jurist.
A~n. Anonymous.
And . Anderson's Reports.
Ander. Ch. War. Anderdon on Church Warden~.
Andr. Andrew'~ Report~.
Ang. on Adv. Enj. Angell'~s Inquiry into the rule of law which
creates a right to an incorporeal hereditament, by an adverse
enjoyment of twenty years.
Ang. on Ass. Angell'~s Practical Summary of the Law of
Assignment~ in tru~t for creditor~.
Ang. on B. T. Angell on Bank Tax.
Ang. on Corp. Angell on the Law of Private Corporation~s.
Ang. on Limit. Angell's Treatise on the Limitation of Actions at
Law, and Suits in Equity.
~Ang. on Tide Wat. ~~Angell on the right of property in Tide
Waters.
Ang.~ on W~ater Co~urses. Angell on the Common Law in relation to
Water Courses.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 15 of 118
Ann. Anne; as 1 Ann. c. 7.Anna. Annaly's Reports. This book is
usually cited Cas. Temp.
Hardw.
Annesl. on Ins. Annesley on Insurance.
Anstr. Anstruther's Reports.
Anth. Shep. Anthon's editon's of Sheppard's Touchstone.
Ap. Justin. Apud Justinianum, or Justinian's Institutes.
App. Apposition.
Appx. Appendix.
Arch Archbold. Arch. Civ. Pl. Archbold's Civil Pleadings. Arch.
Cr. Pl. Ar-
chbold's Criminal Pleadins. Arch. Pr. Archbold's Practice.
Arch. B. L.
Archbold's Bankrupt law. Arch. L. & T. Archbold on the Law of
Landlord
and Tenant. Arch. N. P. Archbold's Law of nisi Prius.
Arg. Argumento, by an argument drawn from such a law. it also
signifies
arguendo.
Arg. Inst. Institution au Droit Francais, par M. Argou.
Ark. Rep. Arkansas Reports. See Pike's Rep.
Ark. Rev. Stat. Arkansas Revised Statutes.
Art. Article
Ashm. R. Ashmead's Reports
~Aso & Man. Inst. Aso and Manuel's institutes of the Laws of
Spain.
Ass. or Lib. Ass. Liber Assissarium, or Pleas of the Crown.
Ast. Ent. Aston's Entries.
Atherl. on Mar. Atherley on the Law of Marriage and other Family
Settlements.
Atk. Atkyn's Reports.
Atk. P. T. Atkyn's Parliamentary Tracts.
Atk. on Con. Atkinson on Conveyancing.
Atk. on Tit. Atkinson on Marketable Titles.
Ats. in practice, is an abbreviation for the words "at suit of,"
and is used
when the defendant files any pleadings; for example: when the
defendant
enters a plea he puts his name before that of the plaintiff,
reversing the
order in which they are on the record. C.D.(the defendant,) ats
A.B. (the
plaintiff.)
Aust. on Jur. The Province of Jurisprudence determind, by John
Austin
Auth. Authentica, in the Authentic; that is, the Summary of some
of the Novels
of the Civil Law inserted in the code under such a title.
Ay. Ayliff'es Pandect.
Ayl. Parerg. Ayliffe's Parergon juris canonici Anglicani.
Azun. Mar. Law. Azuni's Maritime Law of Europe.
B, b, ig used to point out that a number, used at tho head of a
page to denote
the folio, is the second number o~f the same volume.
B. B. Bail Bond.
B. or Bk. Boo~k.
B. ~& A. Barnewall & Alderson~s Reports.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 16 of 118
B. ~& B. Ball ~& Beatty's Reports.B. C. R. Brown'~s Chancery Reports.
B. Eccl. L. Burn's Ecclesia~tical Law.
B. J~ust. Burn's Justice.
B. N. C. Brooke's ~New Cases.
B. P. C. or Bro. Parl. CaJ. Brown's Parliamentry Ca~ses.
B. ~& P. or Bos. ~& Pull. Bosanquet & Puller's Reports.
B. R. or K. B. ~King'~s Bench.
B. Tr. Bishop's Trial.
Bab. on Auct. Babington on the Law of Auctions.
Bab. Set off. Babington on Set off and mutual credit.
Bac. Abr. Bacon's Abridgement.
Bac. Comp. Arb. Bacon's (M.) Complete Arbitrator.
Bac. El. Bacon's Elements of the Common Law.
Bac. Gov. Bacon on Go~vernment.
Bac. Law Tr. Bacon'~s Law Tracts
Bac. Leas. Bacon (M.) on Leases and Term~ of Years.
Bac. Lib Reg. Bacon's ~John) Liber Regis, vel Thesaurus Rerum
Eccleslasticarum.
Bac. Use~s Bacon'~s Reading on the Statute of Uses. This is
printed in his Law Tract~s.
Bach. ~an. Bache'~s Manual of a Pennsylvania Justice of the Peace
Bail. R. Bailey's Report~.
Bain. on ~~~M.&M. Bainbridge on Mines and Mineral~s.
Baldwin. R. Baldwin's Circuit Court Reports.
Ball & Beat. Ball and Beatty'~s Report~s.
Ballan. Lim. Ballantine on Limitations.
Banc. Sup. Upper Bench.
Barb. ~Eq. Dig. Barbour~s Equity Dige~st.
Barb. Cr. Pl. B~arbour's Criminal Pleading~.
Bar~b. Pract. in Ch. Barbour's Treatise on the Practice of the
Court of Chancery.
Barb. R. Barbour's Chancery Report~s.
~Barb. Grot. Grotius on War and Peace, with notes by Barbeyrac.
Barb. Puff. Puffendorf'~s Law of Nature and Nations, with notes
by M. Barbeyrac.
Barb. on Set off. Barbour on the Law of Set off, with an appendix
of Precedents.
Barn. C. Barnardiston's~ Chancery Reports.
Barn. Barnardi~ston's K. B. Reports.
Barn. ~& Ald. Barnewall & Alder~on'~s Re~ports.
~Barn. ~& ~Adolph. Barnewall & Adolphu~'s Reports.
Barn. ~& Cre~ss. Barnewull & Cresswell'~s Reports.
Barn. Sher. Barnes' Sheriff.
Barnu. Barne~' Notes of Practice.
Barr. Ob~s. Stat. Barrington'~s Observations on the more ancient
statute~s.
Barr. Te~n. Barry's Tenure.
Bart. El. Conv. Barton's Element~ of Conveyancing.
~Bart. Prec. Conv. Barton's Precedent~ of Conveyancing. Bart. S.
Eq. Barton's Suit in Equity.
Batt~y'~s R. Batty's Reports of Cases determined in the ~K. B.
Ireland.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 17 of 118
Bay's R. Bay's Reprts.Bayl. Bills. Bayley on Bill~s.
Bayl. Ch. Pr. Bayley~'s Chamber Practice.
Beam. ~Ne E~xeat. Br~ief view of the writ of Ne Exeat Regno, as
a~ equi~ablc proc~ess, by J. Beam~s.
Beam.. Eq. Beames on Equity Pleading.
Beam. Ord. Chan. Beames' ~General Orders of the High Court of
Cbancery, from 1600 to 1815.
Beat. R. Beatty'~s Reports determined in the High Court of
Chancery In Ireland.
Beav. R. Beavan's Chancery Reports.
Beawes. Beawe~'s Lex Mercatoria.
Beck'~s Med. Jur. Bec~k's Medical Jurisprudence.
Bee's R. Bee's Reports.
Bell'~s Com. Bell's Commentaries on the Laws of Scotland, and on
the Principles of Mercantile~ Jurisprudence.
Bell. Del. U. L. Beller's Delineation of Universal Law.
Bell's Dict. Dictionary of the Law of Scotland By Robert Bell
Bell's ~Med. Jur Bell'~s Medical Jurisprudence.
Bell~. Bellewe'~s Ca~ses in the time of ~K. Richard II.
Bellewe'~s Cases in the time of Henry VIII, Edw VI., and Q.
Mary, collected out of Brooke's ~ Abridgment, and arranged under
years,~ with a table, are cited as Brooke's New Cases.
Bellingh. Tr. Bellingham's Trial.
Belt's Sup. Belt's Supplement. Supplement to the Reports in
Chancery of Francis Vesey, Senior, Esq, during the time of
Lord Ch J. Hardwicke.
Belt's Ves. sen. Belt's editon of Vesey senior's Reports.
Benl. Benloe & Dalison's Reports. See New Benl.
Ben. on Av. Benecke on Average.
Benn. Diss. Bennet's Short Dissertation on the nature and various
proceedings in the Master's Office, in the Court of Chancery.
Sometimes this book is called Benn. Pract.
Benn. Pract. See Benn. Diss.
Benth. Ev. Bentham's Treatise on Judicial Evidence.
~B~est on Prc~. Best's Treatise on Presumption of Law and Fact.
Bett's Adm. Pr. Bett's Admiralty Practice.
Bev. on Hom. Bevil on Homicide.
Bill. on Aw. Billing on the Law of Awards.
Bi~ng. Bingham Bin~. Inf; Bingham on Infancy. Bing on Judg.
Bingham on Judgments
and E~ecutions. Bing L.&~ T. Bingham on the Law of Landlord and
Tenant Bing.
R. Bing Bingham's Reports. Bin~. ~N. C. Bingham'~s New C~ases.
Binn. Reports Of Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court. of
Pennsyl~vania By
Horace Binney
Bird on Conv. Bird on Conveyancing Bird L.~& T. Bird o~n the Laws
respecting
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 18 of 118
Landlords, Tenants and Lod~gers. Bird's Sol. Pr Bird's Solution
of Precedents
of Settlement~.
Biret, De l'Abs. Traite de l'Absence et de ses effects, par M.
Biret
Bi~s. on E~st. or Buss. on Life E~st. Bi~ssett on the Law of
Estates for Life.
Biss. on Par~n. Bissett on Partnership.
Bl. Blounts Law Dictionary and ~Glossary
Bl. Comm. or Comm. Commentaries on the Laws of England by Sir
Wllliam
Black~stone.
Bl. Rep. Sir William Blac~kstone's Reports.
Bl. ~H. Henry Blackstone's Report~, sometime cited ~H. Bl.
Bla~ck. L. T. Blackstone's Law Tracts
Blackb on Sales. Blac~kburn on the Eff~ect of the Contract of
Sale~s.
Blac~b. on Sales. Blac~burn on the Law of Sales.
Blackf. R. Blackford'~s Reports.
Blak. Ch. Pr. Bla~ke's Practice of the Court of Chancery of ~the
State of ~New'
Yor~k.
Blan. on Ann. Blaney on Life Annuities
Bland's Ch. R. Bland'~s Chancery Reports.
Blansh. Lim. Blan~shard on Limitations.
Bligh. R. Bligh's Reports of Cases decided in the House of Lords.
Blount. Blount's ~ Law Dictionary and Glo~ssary.
Bo. R. Act. Booth on Real Actions.
Boh. Dec. Bohun'~s Declaration~. Boh. En~g. L. Bohun'~s English
Lawyer. Boh. Priv.
Ion. Bohun'~s Privilegia Londini.
Boote. Boote's Ch. Pr. Boote'~s Chanccry Practice. Boote's S. L.
~Boote's Suit
at Law.
Booth's R. A. Booth on Real Action.
Borth. L. L. Borthwic~k on the La~w of Libel~.
Bos. & ~ Pull. Bosanquet and Puller'~s Reports. Vide B.~& P.
Bosc. on Con~. Bo~cowen on Convictions.
Bott. Bott'~s Poor Law~.
Bouch In~st. Dr. ~Mar. Boucher, Institution au Droit Maritime.
Boulay Paty~ Dr. Com. Cours de Droit Commercial Maritime, par P.
S Boulay Paty.
Bousq. Dict. de Dr. Bousquet, Dictionnaire de Droit.
Bouv. L. D. Bouvier'~s Law Dictionary.
Bouv. Inst. Institutione~s Theologicae Auctore J. Bouvier.
Bouv. In~st. ~Am. Law. Bouvier'~s Institutes of American Law.
Bo~wl. on Lib. Bowles on Libels.
Br. or Brownl. Brownlow'~s Reports.
Br. or Br. Ab. Brooke'~s ~Abridgment.
Bra. Brady~'s Hiatory of the Succession of the Crown of England,
~&c.
Brac. Bracton's Treatise on the Law~ and C~ustoms of England.
Bra. Princ. Branche'~s Principia Legi~s et A~equitati~s.
Brack. L. ~Misc. Brackenridge'~s Law Miscellany.
bradb. Bradby on Distresses.
Bradl. P. B. Bradley's Point Book.
Bran. Prin. or Bran. Max. Branch's Principia Legis Aequitatis,
being an alphabetical collection of maxims, &c.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 19 of 118
Brayt. R. Brayton's Report~.
Breese'~s R. B~reese'~s Report~
Brev. Sel. Brevia Selecta, or Choice Writ~s.
Brid. Bridgman's Reports Reports from 12 to 19 K Jame~s. By Sir
John Bridgman.
Brid. Dig. Ind. Bridgman's Dige~sted Inde~x.
Brid. Leg. Bib. Bridgman'~s Legal Bibliography.
Brid. Conv. Bridgman~'s Precedents of Conveyancing.
Brid. Refl. Bridgman'~s Reflections on the Study of the Law.
Brid. Sy~nth. Bridgeman's Synthesis.
Brid. Thes. Jur. Bridgman'~s The~saurus Juridic~.
Bridg. O. Orlando Bridgmen's Reports.
Bridg. The. Jru. Bridgman's Thesaurus Juridicus.
Britton. Treatise onthe Ancient Pleas of the Crown
Bro. or Brownl. Brownlow's Reports. Also, Reports by Richard
Brownlow and John
Goldeshorough. Cited 1 Bro. 2 Bro.
Bro. Ab. Brooke's Abridgement.
Bro. A. & C. L. Brown's Admiralty and Civil Law.
Bro. C. C. Brown's Chancery Cases.
Bro. Off. Not. A Treatise on the Office and Practice of a Notary
in England,
as connected with Mercantile Instruments, &c. By Richard Brooke.
Bro. P. C. Brown's Parliamentary Cases.
Bro. Read. Brooke's Reading on the Statute of Limitations.
Bro. on Sales. Brown on Sales
Bro. V.M. Brown's Vade Mecum.
Brock. R. Brockenbrough's Reports of Chief Justice Marshall's
Decisions.
Brod. & Bing. Broderip & Bingham's Reports.
Broom on Part. Broom on Parties to Actions.
Brownl. Rediv. or Brownl. Ent. Brownlow Redivivus.
Bruce M. L. Bruce's Military Law.
Buck's Ca. Buck's Cases. Cases in Bankruptcy in 1817, 1818, by
J.W. Buck.
Bull. Bull. N.P. Buller's Nisi Prius.
Bulst. Bulstrode's Reports.
Bunb. Bunbury's Reports.
Burge Col. Law. Burge's Colonial Law.
Burge Confl. of Law. Burge on the Conflict of Laws.
Burge on Sur. Burge's Commentaries on the Law of Suretyship. &c.
Burge For. Law. Burge on Foreign Law.
Burlam. Burlamaqui's Natural and Political Law.
Burn's L.D. Burn's Law Dictionary.
Burn's Just. Burn's Justice of the Peace.
Burn's Eccl. Law or Burn's E.L. Burn's Ecclesiastical Law.
Burn. C.L. Burnett's Treatise on the Criminal Law of Scotland.
Burn. Com. Burnett's Commentaries on the Criminal Law of
Scotland.
Burr. Burrow's Reports.
Burr. Sett. Cas. Burrow's Settlement Cases.
Burr's Tr. Burr's Trial.
Burt. Man. Burton's Manual of the Law of Scotland. The work is in
two parts,
one relating to "public law," and the other to the law of
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 20 of 118
"private rights and obligations." The former is cited Burt.
Man. P.L.; the
latter, Burt.
Man. Pr.
Burt. on Real Prop. Burton on Real Property.
Butl. Hor. Jur. Butler's Horae Juridicae Subsecivae.
C. Codes, the Code of Justinian. C. Code. C. Chancellor.
C.& A. Cooke and Alcock's Reports.
C.B. Communi Banco, or Common Bench.
C.C. Circuit Court.
C.C. Cepi Corpus.
C.C.& B.B. Cepi Corpus and Bail Bond.
C.C. or Ch. Cas. Cases in Chancery in three parts.
C.C.C. or Cr. Cir. Com. Crown Circuit Companion.
C.C.& C. Cepi corpus et committitur. See Capias ad
satisfaciendum, in the
body of the work.
C.C.E. or Cain. Cas. Caines' Cases in Error.
C.D. or Com. Dig. Comyn's Digest.
C.& D. C. C. Crawford and Dix's Criminal Cases.
C.& D. Ab. C. Crawford and Dix's Abridged Cases.
C.& F. Clark & Findley's Reports.
C.& F. Clarke & Finelly's Reports.
C. J. Chief Justice.
C.& J. Crompton & Jervis' Exchequer Reports.
C.J.C.P. Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.
C.J.K.B. Chief Justice of the King's Bench.
C.J.Q.B. Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench.
C.J.U.B. Chief Justice of the Upper Bench. During the time of
the common-
wealth, the English Court of the King's Bench was called the
Upper Bench.
C.& K. Carrington & Kirwan's Reports.
C.& M. Crompton & Meeson's Reports.
C.& M. Carrington & Marshman's Reports.
C.M.& R. Crompton, Meeson & Roscoe's Exchequer Reports.
C.N.P.C. Campbell's Nisi Prius Cases.
C. P. Common Pleas.
C.P. Coop. C.P. Cooper's Reports.
C.& P. or Car.& Payn. Carrington & Payne's Reports.
C.& P. Craig & Phillips' Reports.
C.R. or Ch. Rep. Chancery Reports.
C.& R. Cockburn & Rowe's Reports.
C.W. Dudl. Eq. C.W. Dudley's Equity Reports.
C. Theod. Codice Theodosiano, in the Theodosian code.
Ca. Case or placitum.
Ca. T.K. Select Cases tempore King.
Ca. T. Talb. Cases tempore Talbot.
Ca. res. Capias ad respondendum.
Ca. sa., in practice, is the abbreviation of capias ad
satisfaciendum.
Caines' R. Caines' Term Reports.
Caines' Cas. Caines' Cases, in error.
Caines' Pr. Caines' Practice.
Cald. R. Caldecott's Reports.
Cald. S.C. Caldecott's Settlement Cases; sometimes cited Cald.
R.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 21 of 118
Caldw. Arbit. Caldwell on Arbitration.Call. on Sew. Callis on the
Law relating to Sewers.
Call's R. Call's REports.
Calth. R. Calthorp's Reports of Special Cases touching several
customs and
liberties of the City of London.
Calv. on Part. Calvert on Parties to Suits in Equity.
Cam.& Norw. Cameron & Norwood's Reports.
Campb. Campbell's Reports.
Can. Canon.
Cap. Capitulo, chapter.
Car. Carolus: as 13 Car. 2, st. 2, c.1.
Carr. Cr. L. Carrington's Criminal Law.
Carr.& Kirw. Carrington & Kriwan's Reports. See C.& K.
Carr.& Marsh. Carrington & Marshman's Reports.
Carr.& Oliv. R. and C.C. Carrow & Oliver's Railway and Canal
Cases.
Cart. Carter's Reports. Reports in C.P. in 16, 17, 18, and 19,
Charles II.
Cara de For. Carta de Foresta.
Carth. Carthew's Reports.
Cary. Cary's Reports.
Cary on Partn. Cary on the Law of Partnership.
Cas. of App. Cases of Appeals to the House of Lords.
Cas. L. Eq. Cases and Opinions in Law, Equity, and Conveyancing.
Cas. of Pr. Cases of Practice in the Court of the King's Bench,
from the reign of Eliz. to the 14 Geo. 3.
Cas. of Sett. Cases of Settlement.
Cas. Temp. Hardw. Cases during the time of Lord Hardwicke.
Cas. Temp. Talb. Cases during the time of Lord Talbot.
Ch. Chancellor.
Ch. CAs. Cases in Chancery.
Ch. Pr. Precedents in Chancery.
Ch. R. REports in Chancery.
Ch. Rep. Vide Ch. Cases.
Chamb. on Jur. of Chan. Chambers on the Jurisdiction of the High
Court of Chancery, over the Persons and Property of Infants.
Chamb. L.& T. Chambers on the Law of Landlord and Tenant.
Char. Merc. Charta mercatoria. See Bac. Ab. Smuggling, C.
Charlt. Charlton. T.U.P. Charl. T.U.P. Charlton's Reports. R.M.
Charlton's Reports.
Chase's Tr. Chase's Trial.
Cher. Cas. Cherokee Case.
Chev. C.C. Cheves' Chancery Cases.
Chipm. R. Chipman's Reports. D. Chipm. D. Chipman's Reports.
Chipm. Contr. Essay on the Law of Contracts for the payment of
Specific Articles. By Daniel Chipman.
Ch. Contr. A Practical Treatise on the Law of Contracts. By
Joseph Chitty, Jr.
Chitty. on App. Chitty's Practical Treatise on the Law relating
to Apprentices and Journeymen.
Chit. on Bills. Chitty on Bills.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 22 of 118
Chit. Jr. on Bills. Chitty, junior, on Bills.Chit. Com. L. Chitty's
Treatise on Commerical Law.
Chit. Cr. L. Chitty's Criminal Law.
Chit. on Des. Chitty on the Law of Descents.
Chit. F. Chitt's Forms and Practical Proceedings.
Chit. Med. Jur. Chitty on Medical Jurisprudence.
Chit. Chitty's Reports.
Chit. Pl. A Practical Treatise on Pleading, by Joseph Chitty.
Chit. Pr. Chitty's General Practice.
Chit. Prerog. Chitty on the Law of the Prerogatives of the Crown.
Chris. B.L. Christian's Bankrupt Laws.
Christ. Med. Jur. Christison's Treatise on Poisons, relating to
Medical Jurisprudence, Physiology, and the Practice of Physic.
Civ. Civil.
Civ. Code Lo. Civil Code of Louisiana.
Cl. The Clementines.
Cl. Ass. Clerk's Assistant.
Clan. H.& W. Clancy on the Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of
Hushand and Wife.
Clark on Leas. Clark's Enquiry into the Nature of Leases.
Clarke, R. Clarke's Reports.
Clark & Fin. Clark & Finelly's Reports.
Clark. Adm. Pr. Clarke's Practice inthe Admiralty.
Clark. Prax. Clarke's Praxis, being the manner of proceeding in
the Ecclesiastical Courts.
Clay. Clayton's Reports.
Cleir. Us et Const. Cleirac, Us et Coustumes ae la Mer.
Clerke's Rud. Clerke's Rudiments of American Law and Practice.
Clift. Clift's Entries.
Co. A particle used before other words to imply that the person
spoken of possesses the same character as other persons whose
character is mentioned, as co-executor, and executor with other;
co-heir, an heir with others; co-partner, a partner with others,
etc. - Co. is also an abbreviation for "company" as John
Smith & Co. When so abbreviated is also represents "county."
Co. Coke's Reports.
Co. or Co. Rep. Coke's Reports.
Co. Ent. Coke's Entries.
Co. B. L. Cooke's Bankrupt Law.
Co. on Courts. Coke on Courts; 4th Institute. See Inst.
Co. Litt. Coke on Littleton. See Inst.
Co. M. C. Coke's Magna Charta; 2d Institute. See. Inst.
Co. P. C. Coke's Pleas of the Crown. See Inst.
Cock & Rowe. Cockburn & Rowe's Reports.
Code Civ. Code Civil, or Civil Code of France. This work is
usually cited by
the article.
Code Nap. Code Napoleaon. The same as Code Civil.
Code Com. Code de Commerce.
Code Pen. Code Penal.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 23 of 118
Code Pro. Code de Procedure.Col. Column, in the first or second
column of the book quoted.
Col.& Cai. CAs. Coleman & Caines' Cases.
Cole on Inf. Cole on Criminal Informations, and Informations in
the Nature of
Quo Warranto.
Coll. on Pat. Collier on the Law of Patents.
Coll. on Idiots. Collinson on the Law concerning Idiots, &c.
Coll. Rep. Colle's Reports.
Coll. Collation.
Colly. Rep. Collyer's Reports.
Com. Communes, or Extravagantes Communes.
Com. or Com. Rep. Comyn's Reports.
Com. Contr. Comyn on Contract.
Com. on Us. Comyn on Usury.
Com. Dig. Comyn's Digest.
Com. L.& T. Comyn on the Law of Landlord and Tenant.
Com. Law. Commerical Law.
Com. Law. Rep. Common Law Reports, edited by Sergeant and Lowher.
Comb. Comberbach's Reports.
Comm. Blackstone's Commentaries.
Con. & Law. Connor & Lawson's Reports.
Cond. Condensed.
Cond. Ch. R. Condensed Chancery Reports.
Cond. Ex. R. Condensed Exchequer Reports.
Conf. Chart. Confirmatio Chartorum.
Cong. Congress.
Conkl. Pr. Conkling's Practice of the Courts of the United
States.
Conn. R. Connecticut Reports.
Conr. Cust. R. Contoy's Custodiam Reports.
Cons. del Mar. Consolato del Mare.
Cons. Ct. R. Constitutional Court REports.
Cont. Contra.
Cooke on Defam. Cooke on Defamation.
Coop. Eq. R. Cooper's Equity Reports.
Coop. Cas. Cases in the High Court of Chancery. By George Cooper.
Coop. on Lib. Cooper on the Law of Libels.
Coop. Eq. Pl. Cooper's Equity Pleading.
Coop. Just. Cooper's Justinian's Institutes.
Coop. Med. Jur. Cooper's Medical Jurisprudence.
Coop. t. Brough. Cooper's Cases in the time of Brougham.
Coop. P.P. Cooper's Points of Practice.
Cote. Mrtg. Coote on Mortgages.
Corb. & Dan. Corbet & Daniel's Election Cases.
Corn. on Uses. Cornish on Uses.
Corn. on REm. Cornish on REmainders.
Corp. Jur. Civ. Corpus Juris Civilus.
Corp. Jur. Can. Corpus Juris Canonicus.
Corvin. Corvinus. See Bac. Ab. Mortgage A, where this author is
cited.
Cot. Abr. Cotton's Abridgement of Records.
Cov. on Conv. Evi. Coventry on Conveyancers' Evidence.
Cow. Int. Cowel's Law Dictionary, or the Interpreter of words and
terms, used either in the common or statute laws of Great Britain.
Cowp. Cowper's Reports.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 24 of 118
Cow. R. Cowen's Reports, N.Y.Cox's Cas. Cox's Cases.
Coxe's R. Coxe's Reports.
Crabb's C.L. Crabb's Common Law. A History of English Law. By
George Crabb.
Crabb, R. P. Crabb on the Law of REal Property.
Craig & Phil. Craig & Phillip's Reports.
Cranch, R. Cranch's Reports.
Cressw. R. Cresswell's Reports of Cases decided in the Court for
the RElief of
Insolvent Debtors.
Crim. Con. Criminal Conversation: adultery.
Cro. Croke's Reports.
Cro. Eliz. Croke's Reports, during the time of Queen Elizabeth,
also cited as 1 Cro.
Cro. jac. Croke's Reports during the time of King James I., also
cited as 2 Cro.
Cro. Car. Croke's Reports, during the time of Charles I., also
cited as 3 Cro.
Crompt. Ex. Rep. Crompton's Exchequer Reports.
Crompt. J.C. Crompton's Jurisdiction of Courts.
Crompt. & Mees. Crompton & Meeson's Exchequer Reports.
Crompt. Mees. & Rosc. Crompton, Meeson, and Roscoe's Exchequer
Reports.
Cross on Liens. Cross' Treatise on the Law of Liens and Stoppage
in Transitu.
Cru. Dig. or Cruise's Dig. Cruise's Digest of the Law of Real
Property.
Cul. Culpablilis, guilty; non cul. not guilty; a plea entered
in actions of trespass.
Cul. prit., commonly written culprit; cul., as above mentioned,
means
culpabilis, or culpable; and prit, which is a corruption of
pret, signifies ready. 1 Chitty Cr. Law. 416.
Cull. Bankr. L. Cullen's Principles ofhte Bankrupt Law.
Cun. Cunningham's Reports.
Cunn. Dict. Cunningham's Dictionary.
Cur. adv. vult. Curia advisare vult. Vide Ampliation.
Cur. Scacc. Cursus Scaccarii, the Court of the Star Chamber.
Cur. Phil. Curia Philipica.
Curs. Can. Cursus Cancellariae.
Curt. R. Curteis' Ecclesiastical Reports.
Curt. Am. Sea. Curtis on American Seamen.
Curt. on Copyr. Curtis on Copyrights.
Cush. Trust. Pr. Cushing on Trustee Process, or Foreign
Attachment, of the Laws of Massachusetts and Maine.
Cust. de Norm. Custome de Normandie.
D. dialogue; as, Dr. and Stud. D. 2, c. 24, or Doctor and
Student, dialogue 2, chapter 24.
D. dictum; D. Digest of Justinian.
D. The Digest or Pandects of the Civil Law, is sometimes cited
thus, D.6.1.5.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 25 of 118
D. C. District Court; District of Columbia.D. C. L. Doctor of the
Civil Law.
D. Chipm. R. D. Chipman's Reports.
D. S. B. Debit sans breve.
D. S. Deputy Sheriff.
D.& C. Dow and Clark's Reports.
D.& C. Deacon & Chitty's Reports.
D.& E. Durnford & East's Reports. This book is also cited as Term
Reports, abbreviated as T.R.
D.& L. Danson & Lloyd's Mercantile Cases.
D.& M. Davidson's & Merivale's Reports.
D.& R. Dowling and Ryland's Reports.
D.& R. N. P. C. Dowling and Ryland's Reports of Cases decided at
Nisis Prius.
D.& S. Doctor and Student.
D.& W. Drury & Walsh's Reports.
D;Aguesseau, Oeuvres. Oeuvres completes du Chancellier
D'Aguesseau.
Dat. Cr. L. Dagge's Criminal Law.
Dal. Dalison's Reports. See Benl.
Dall. Dallas' Reports.
Dall. Dallas' Laws of Pennsylvania.
Dalloz, Dict. Dictionaire General et raisonne de legilation, de
Doctrine, et
de Jurisprudence, en matiere civile, commerciale, criminelle,
administrative, et de Droit Public. Par Armand Dalloz, jeune.
Dalr. Feud. Pr. Dalrymple's Essay, or History of Feudal Property
in Great Britain. Sometimes cited Dalr. F.L.
Dalr. on Ent. Dalrymple on the Polity of Entails.
Dalr. F. L. Dalrymple's Feudal law.
Dalt. Just. Dalton's Justice.
Dalt. Sh. Dalton's Sheriff.
D'Anv. D'Anvers' Abridgement.
Dan. Ch. Pr. Caniell's Chancery Practice.
Dan. Ord. Danish Ordinances.
Dan. Rep. Daniell's Reports.
Dan.& Ll. Danson & Lloyd's Reports.
Dana's R. Dana's Reports.
Dane's Ab. Dane's Abridgment of American Law.
Dav. Davies' Reports.
Dav. on Pat. Davies' Collection of Cases respecting patents.
Daw. Land. Pr. Dawe's Epitome of the Law of Landed Property.
Daw. Real Pr. Dawe's Introduction to the Knowledge of the Law on
Real Estates.
Daw. on Arr. Dawe's Commentaries on the Law of Arrest in Civil
Cases.
Daws. Or. Leg. Dawson's Origo Legum.
Deac. R. Deacon's Reports. Deac.& Chit. Deacon & Chitty's
Reports.
Deb. on Jud. Debates on the Judiciary.
Dec. temp. H.& M. Decisions in Admiralty duringthe time of Hay &
Marriott.
Deft. Defendant.
De Gex & SM. R. De Gex & Smale's Reports.
Den. Cr. Cas. Denison's Crown Cases.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 26 of 118
Den. Rep. Denio's New York Reports.Desaus. R. Desaussure's Chancery
Reports.
Dev. R. Devereux's Reports.
Dev. Ch. R. Devereux's Chancery Reports.
Dev.& Bat. Devereux & Battle's Reports.
Di. or Dy. Dyer's Reports.
Dial. de Scac. Dialogus de Scaccario.
Dick. Just. Dickinson's Justice.
Dick. Pr. Dickinson's Practice of the Quarter of and other
Sessions.
Dick. Dicken's Reports.
Dict. Dictionary.
Dict. Dr. Can. Dictionnaire de Driot Canonique.
Dict. de' Jur. Dictionnaire de Jurisprudence.
Dig. Digest of writs. Dig. The Pandects or Digest of the Civil
Law, cited as
Dig. 1,2,5,6, for Digest, book 1, 2, law 5, sections 6.
Disn. on Gam. Disney's Law of Gaming.
Doct. & Stud. Doctor and Student.
Doct. Pl. Doctrina Placitandi.
Doder. Eng. Law. Doderidge's English Lawyer.
Dods. R. Dodson's Reports.
Dom. Domat, Lois Civilles.
Dom. Proc. Domo Procerum. In the House of Lords.
Domat. Lois Civilles dans leur ordre naturel. Par M. Domat.
Dougl. Douglas' Reports.
Doug. El. Cas. Dougls' Election Cases.
Dougl. (Mich.) R. Dougls' Michigan Reports.
Dow. or Dow. P.C. Dow's Parliamentary Cases.
Dow & Clarke, Dow and Clarke's Reports of Cases in the House of
Lords.
Dowl. P. C. Dowling's Practical Cases.
Dow.& R. N. P. Dowling and Ryan's Nisi Prius Cases.
Dow.& Ry. M.C. Dowling & Ryan's Cases for Magistrates.
Dow.& Ry. Dowling and Ryland's Reports.
Dr.& St. Doctor and Student.
Drew. on Inj. Drewry on Injunctions.
Dru.& Wal. Drury and Walsh's Reports.
Dru.& War. Drury & Warren's Reports.
Dub. Dubitatur.
Dudl. R. Dudley's Law and Equity Reports.
Dug. S. or Dugd. Sum. Dugdale's Summons.
Dugd. Orig. Dugdale's Origines.
Dug. Sum. Dugdale's Summonses
Duke. or Duke's Ch. Uses. Duke's Law of Charitable Uses.
Dunl. Pr. Dunlap's Practice.
Dunl. Admr. Pr. Dunlap's Admiralty Practice.
Duponc. on Jur. Duponceau on Jurisdictions.
Duponc. Const. Duponceau on the Constitution.
Dur. Dr. FR. Duranton, Droit Francais.
Durnf.& East. Durnford & East's Reports, also cited D.& E. or
T.R.
Duv. Dr. Civ. Fr. Duvergier, Droit Civil Francais. This is a
continuation of Touiller's Droit Civil Francais. Teh first volume
of Duvergier is the sixteenth volume of the continuation. The
work is sometimes cited 16 Toull. or 16 Toullier, instead of
being cited 1 Duv. or 1 Duvergier, etc.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 27 of 118
Dwar. on Stat. Dwarris on Statutes.Dy. Dyer's Reports.
E. Easter Term.
E. Edward; as 9 E. 3, c. 9.
E. of Cov. Earl of Coventry's Case.
E.C.L.R. English Common Law Reports, sometimes cited Eng. Com.
Law REp. (q.v.)
E.g., usually written e.g., exempli gratia; for the sake of an
instance or example.
E.P.C. or East, P.C. East's Pleas of the Crown.
East, P.C. East's Pleas of the Crown.
Eccl. Ecclesiastical.
Eccl. Law. Ecclesiastical Law.
Eccl. Rep. Ecclesiastical Reports. Vide Eng. Eccl. Rep.
Ed. or Edit. Edition.
Ed. Edward; as, 3 Ed. 1, c. 9.
Ed. Inj. Eden on Injunction.
Ed. Eq. Reps. Eden's Equity Reports.
Ed. Prin. Pen. Law. Eden's Principles of Penal Law.
Edm. Exch. Pr. Edmund's Exchequer Practice.
Edw. Ad. Rep. Edward's Admiralty Reports.
Edw. Lead. Dec. Edward's Leading Decisions.
Edw. on Part. Edward's on Parties to Bills in Chancery.
Edw. on Rec. Edwards on Receivers in Chancery.
Eliz. Elizabeth; as, 13 Eliz. c. 15.
Ellis on D. and Cr. Ellis on the Law relating to Debtor and
Creditor.
Elm on Dil. Elmes on Ecclesiastical and Civil Dilapidations.
Elsyn on Parl. Elsynge on Parliaments.
Encycl. Encycloaedia, or Encyclopedie.
Eng. English.
Eng. Ch. R. English Chancery Reports. Vide Cond. Ch. R. (See App.
A.)
Eng. Com. Law Rep. English Common Law Reports.
Eng. Ecc. R. English Ecclisiastical Reports.
Eng. Plead. English Pleader.
Engl. Rep. English's Arkansas Reports.
Eod. Eodem, under the same title.
Eod. tit. In the same title.
Eq. Ca. Ab. Equity Cases Abridged.
Eq. Draft. Equity Draftsman.
Ersk. Inst. Erskin'e Institute of the Law of Scotland.
Ersk. Prin. of Laws of Scotl. Erskine's Principles of the Laws of
Scotland.
Esp. N.P. Espinasse's Nisi Prius.
Esp. N. P. R. Espinasse's Nisi Prius Reports.
Esp. on Ev. Espinasse on Evidence.
Esp. on Pen. Ev. Espinasse on Penal Evidence.
Esq. Esquire.
Et. al. Et alii, and others.
Eunom. Eunomus.
Ev. Col. Stat. Evan's Collection of Statutes.
Ev. on Pl. Evans on Pleading.
Ev. Tr. Evans' Trial.
Ex. or Exor. Executor.
Execx. Executrix.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 28 of 118
Exch. Rep. Exchequer Reports. Vide Cond. Exch. REp.Exec. Execution.
Exp. Expired.
Exton's Mar. Divaeo. Exton's Maritime Dicaeologie.
Extrav. Extravagants.
F. Finalis, the last or latter part.
F. Fitzherbert's Abridgment.
F.& F. Falconer & Fitzherbert's Reports.
F. R. Forum Romanum.
F.& S. Fox & Smith's Reports.
F. N. B. Fitzherbert's Natura Brevium.
Fairf. R. Fairfield's Reports.
Fac. Coll. Faculty Collection; the name of a set of Scotch
Reports.
Falc. & Fitzh. Falconer & Fitzherbert's Election Cases.
Far. Farresly, (7 Mod. REp.) is sometimes so cited.
Farr's Med. Jur. Farr's Elements of Medical Jurisprudence.
Fearn. on Rem. Fearne on Remainders.
Fell. on Mer. Guar. Fell on Mercantile Guaranties.
Ferg. on M.& D. Ferfusson on Marriage and Divorce.
Ferg. R. Fergusson's Reports of the Consistorial Court of
Scotland.
Ff. or ff. Pandects of Justinian: a careless way of writing the
Greek p.
Ferr. Hist. Civ. L. Ferriere's History of the Civil Law.
Ferr. Mod. Ferriere Moderne, on Nouveau Dictionnaire des Termes
de Droit et de Pratique.
Fess. on Pat. Fessenden on Patents.
Fi. fa. Fieri Facias.
Field's Com. Law. Field on the Common Law of England.
Dielf. on Penl Laws. Fielding on Penal Laws.
Finch. Finch's Law; or a Discourse thereof, in five books.
Finch's Pr. Finch's Precedents in Chancery.
Finl. L. C. Finlayson's Leading Cases on Pleading.
Fish. Capyh. Fisher on Copyholds.
]Fitz. C. Fitzgibbon's Cases.
Fitzh. Fitzherbert's Abridgment
Fitzh. Nat. Bre. Fitzherbert's Natura Brevium.
Fl. or Fleta. A Commentary on the English Law, written by an
anonymous author, in the time of Edward I., while a prisoner in
the Fleet.
Fletch. on Trusts. Fletcher on the Estates of Trustees.
Floy. Proct. Pr. Floyer's Proctor's Practice.
Fol. Foley's Poor Laws.
Fol. Folio.
Fonb. Fonblanque on Equity.
Fonb. Med. Jur. Fonblanque on Medical Jurisprudence.
Forr. Forrester's Cases during the time of Lord Talbot, commonly
cited Cas. Temp. Talb.
For. Pla. Brown's Formulae Placitandi.
Forb. on Bills. Forbes on Bills of Exchange.
Forb. Inst. Forbes' Institutes of the Law of Scotland.
Forr. Exch. Rep. Forrest's Exchequer Reports.
Fors. on Comp. Forsyth on the Law relating to Composition with
Creditors.
Fortesc. Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 29 of 118
Fortesc. R. Fortescue's Reports, temp. Wm. and Anne.Fost. or Fost.
C.L. Foster's Crown Law.
Fox.& Sm. Fox & Smith's Reports.
Fr. Fragmentum.
Fra. or Fra. Max. Francis' Maxims.
Fr. Ord. French Ordinance. Sometimes cited Ord. de la Mar.
Fras. Elect. Cas. Fraser's Election Cases.
Fred. Co. Frederician Code.
Freem. Freeman's Reports.
Freem. C. C. Freeman's Cases in Chancery.
Freem. (Mis.) R. Freeman's Reports of Cases decided by the
Superior Court of Chancery of Mississippi.
G. George; as, 13 G. 1, c. 29.
G. & J. Glyn & Jameson's Reports.
G. & J. Gill & Johnson's Reports.
G. M. Dudl. Repo. G. M. Dudley's Reports.
Gale & Dav. Gale & Davidson's Reports.
Gale's Stat. Gale's Statutes of Illinois.
Gall. or Gall. Rep. Gallison's Reports.
Garde on Ev. Garde's Practical Treatise onthe General Principles
and Elementary Rules of the Law of Evidence.
Geo. George; as, 13 Geo. 1, c. 29.
Geo. Dec. Georgia Decisions.
Geo. Lib. George on the Offence of Libel.
Gib. on D.& N. Gibbons on the Law of Dilapidations and Nuisances.
Gibs. Codex. Gibson's Codex Juris Civilis.
Gilb. R. Gilbert's Reports.
Gilb. Ev. Gilbert's Evidence.
Gilb. U. & T. Gilbert on Uses and Trusts.
Gilb. Ten. Gilbert on Tenures.
Gilb. on Rents. Gilbert on Rents.
Gilb. on Rep. Gilbert on Replevin.
Gilb. Ex. Gilbert on Executions.
Gilb. Exch. Gilbert's Exchequer.
Gilb. For. Rom. Gilbert's Forum Romanum.
Gilb. K. B. Gilbert's King's Bench.
Gilb. Rem. Gilbert on REmainders.
Gilb. on Dev. Gilbert on Devises.
Gilb. Lex. praet. Gilbert's Lex Praetoria.
Gill & John. Gill & Johnson's Reports.
Gill's R. Gill's Reports.
Gilm. R. Gilmer's Reports.
Gilp. R. Gilpin's Circuit Court Reports.
Gl. Glossa, the Gloss.
Glanv. Glanville's Treatise of the Laws and Customs of England.
Glassff. Ev. Glassford on Evidence.
Glov. Mun. Corp. Glover on Municipal Corporations, or Glov. on
Corp. Glover on the Law of Municipal Corporations.
Glyn. & Jam. Glyn & Jameson's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy.
Godb. Godbolt's Reports.
Godolph. Ad. Jr. Godolphin's View of the Admiralty Jurisdiction.
Godolph. Rep. Can. Godolphin's Repertorium Canonicum.
Godolph. Godolphin's Orphan's Legacy.
Gods. on Pat. Godson'sTReatise ont he Law of Patents.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 30 of 118
Goldesh. Goldeshorought's Reports.Golds. Goldshorough's Reports.
Gord. on Dec. Gordon on the Law of Decedents in Pennsylvania.
Gould on Pl. Gould on the Principles of Pleading in Civil
Actions.
Gow on Part. Gow on Partnership.
Grah. Pr. Graham's Practice.
Grah. N.T. Graham on New Trials.
Grand. Cout. Grand Coutumier de Normandie, (q.v.)
Grady on Fixt. Grady on the law of Fixtures.
Grant on New. Tr. Grant on New Trials.
Grant's Ch. Pr. Grant's Chancery Practice.
Gratt. R. Grattan's Virginia Reports.
Green's B.L. Green's Bankrupt Laws.
Green's R. Green's Reports.
Greenl. on Ev. Greenleaf's Treatise on the Law of Evidence.
Greenl. Ov. Cas. Greenleaf's Overruled Cases.
Greenl. R. Greenleaf's Reports.
Greenw on Courts. Greenwood on Courts.
Gres. Eq. Ev. Gresley's Equity Evidence.
Grif. REg. Griffith's Law Register.
Grimk. on Ex. Grimke on the Duty of Executors and Administrators.
Grisw. Rep. Griswold's Reports.
Grot. Grotius de Jure Belli.
Gude's Pr. Gude's Practice on the Crown side of King's Bench, &c.
Gwill. Gwillim's Tithe Cases.
H. Henry; as, 18 H. 7, c. 15.
H. Hilary Term.
H.A. Hoc Anno
H.v. commonly written in small letters h.v. hoc verbo.
H. of L. House of Lords.
H. of R. House of Representatives.
H.& B. Hudson & Brooke's Reports.
H.& G. Harris & Gill's Reports.
H.& J. Harris & Johnson's Reports.
H. Bl. Henry Blackston'es Reports.
H. H. C. L. Hale's History ofthe Common Law.
H.& M. Henning and munford's Reports.
H.& M'H. or Harr. & M'Hen. Harris & M'Henry's Reports.
Hab. fa. seis. Habere facias seisinam.
H. P. C. Hales' Pleas of the Crown.
H.t. usually put in small letters, h.t. hoc titulo.
Hab. Corp. Habeas Corpus.
Hab. fa. pos. Habere facias possessionem.
Hagg. Ad. R. Haggard's Admiralty Reports.
Hagg. Ecc. R. Haggard's Ecclesiastical Reports.
Hagg. C. R. Haggard's REports in the Consistory Court of London.
Hale, P.C. Hale's Pleas of the Crown.
Hale's Sum. Hale's Summary of Pleas.
Hale's Jur. J. L. Hale's Jursidiction of the House of Lords.
Hale's Hist. C.L. Hale's History of the Common Law.
Halif. Civ. Law. Halifax's Analysis ofthe Civil Law.
Hall's R. Hall's Reports of Cases decided in the Superior Court
of the city of New York.
Halk. dig. Halkerton's digest of the Law of Scotland relating ot
Marriage.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 31 of 118
Hall's Adm. Pr. Hall's Admiralty Practice.Halst. R. Halstead's
Reports.
Hamm. N. P. Hammond's Nisi Prius.
Ham. R. Hammond's (Ohio) Reports.
Hamm. on Part. Hammond on Parties to Actions.
Hamm. Pl. Hammond's Analysis of the Principles of Pleading.
Hamm. on F. II. Hammond on Fire Insurance.
Han. Hansard's Entries.
Hand's ch. Pr. Hand's Chancery Practice.
Hand on Fines. Hand on Fines and Recoveries.
hand's Cr. Pr. hand's Corwn Practice.
hand on Pat. hand on Patents. Hans. Parl. Bed. hansard's
Parliamentary Debates.
hard. Hardress' Reports.
Hardin's R. Hardin's Reports.
Hare R. Hare's Reports.
Hare & Wall. Sel. Dec. Hare & Wallace's Select Decisions of
American Cases, with Notes.
Hare on Disc. Hare on the Discovery of Evidence by Bill and
Answer in Equity.
Harg. Coll. Hargrave's Juridical Arguments and collection.
Harg. St. Tr. Hargrave's State Trials.
Harg. Exer. Hargrave's Exercitations.
Harg. Law Tr. Hargrave's Law Tracts.
Harp. L. R. Harper's Law Reports.
Harp. Eq. R. Harper's Equity Reports.
Harr. Ch. Harrison's Chancery Practice.
Harr. Cond. Lo. R. Harrison's condensed Report of Cases in
Superior Court of the Territory of Orleans, and in the
Supreme Court of Louisiana.
Harr. Dig. Harrison's Digest.
harr. Ent. Harris' Entries.
Harr. (Mich.) R. harrington's Reports of Cases in the Supreme
Court of Michigan.
Harr. & Gill. Harris & Gill's Reports.
harr. & John. Harris & Johnso's Reports.
Harr. & M'H. Harris & M'Henry's Reports.
Harringt. R. Harrington's Reports.
Hasl. Med. Jur. Haslam's Medical Jurisprudence.
Hawk. P.C. Hawkins' Pleas of the Crown.
Hawk's R. Hawk's Reports.
Hay on Est. An Elementary View of the Common Law of uses,
Devises, and Trusts,
with reference to the Creation and Conveyance of Estates, by
William Hayes.
Hay. on Lim. Hayes on Limitations.
Hay. Exch. R. Hayes' Exchequer Reports.
Hays on R. P. Hays on REal Property.
Heath's Max. Heath's Maxim's.
Hein. Elem. Juris. civ. Heineccii, Elementa juris Civilis,
secundum ordinem Institutionum.
Hein. Elem. Juris. Nat. Heineccii, Elementa juris Naturae et
gentium.
Hen on For. Law. Henry on Foreign Law.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 32 of 118
Hen. J. P. Henning's Virginia Justice of the Peace.hen. & Munf.
Henning & Munford's Reports.
Herne's Ch. Uses. Herne's law of Charitable Uses.
Herne's Plead. Herne's Pleader.
het. Hetley's Reports.
Heyw. on El. Heywood on Elections.
Heyw. *N.C.) R. Heywood's North Carolina Reports.
Heyw. (Tenn.) R. Heywood's Tennessee Reports.
High. Highmore.
High on Bail. Highmore on Bail.
High. on Lun. Highmore on Lunacy.
High. on Mortm. Highmore on ortmain.
Hill. Ab. Hilliard's Abridgment of the Law of Real Property.
Hill's R. Hill's Reports.
Hill's Ch. R. Hill's Chancery Reports.
Hill on Trust. A Practical Treatise on the Law relating to
Trustees, &c.
Hind's Pr. Hind's Practice.
Hob. Hobart's Reports.
Hodg. R. Hodge's Reports.
Hodges on Railw. Hodges on the Law of Railways.
Hoffm. Outl. Hoffman's Outlines of Legal Studies.
Hoffm. Leg. St. Hoffman's Legal Studies.
Hoffm. Ch. Pr. Hoffman's Chancery Practice.
Hoffm. Mas. Ch. Hoffman's master in Chancery.
Hoffm. R. Hoffman's Reports.
Hog. R. Hogan's Reports.
Hog. St. Tr. Hogan's State Trials.
Holt on Lib. Holt on the Law of Libels.
Holt on Nav. Holt on Navigation.
Holt. R. Holt's Reports.
Holt on Sh. Holt on the Law of Shipping.
Hopk. R. Hopkins' Chancery Reports.
Hopk. Adm. Dec. Hopkinson's Admiralty Decisions.
Houard's Ang. Sax. Laws. Houard's Anglo Saxon laws and Ancient
Laws of the French.
Houard's dict. Houard's Dictionary of the Customs of normandy.
Hough C. M. Hough on Courts Martial.
Hov. Fr. Hovenden on Frauds.
Hov. Supp. Hovenden's Supplement to Vesey Junior's Reports.
How. St. Tr. Howell's State Trials.
Howe's Pr. Howe's Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings at
Law in Massachusetts.
How. Pr. R. Howard's Practice Reports.
Hub. on Suc. Hubback on Successions.
Huds. & Bro. Hudson & Brooke's Reports.
Hugh. Ab. Hughes' Abridgment.
Hugh. Entr. Hughes' Entries.
Hugh. on Wills. Hughes on Wills.
Hugh. R. Hughes' Reports.
Hugh. Or. Writs. Hughes' Comments upon Original Writs.
Hugh. Ins. Hughes on Insurance.
Hugh. on Wills. Hughes' Practical Directions for Taking
Instructions for Drawing Wills.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 33 of 118
Hull. on Costs. Hullock on the Law of Costs.Hult. on Conv. Hulton
on Convictions.
Humph. R. Humphrey's Reports.
Hume's com. Hume's Commentaries on the Criminal Law of Scotland.
Hut. Hutton's Reports.
I. The Institutes of Justinian (q.v.) are sometimes cited, I.1,
3, 4.
I. Infra, beneath or below.
Ib. Ibidem.
Ictus. Jurisconsultus. This abbreviation is usually written with
an I, though
it would be more proper to write it with a J, the first letter
of the word
Jurisconsultus; c is the initial letter of the third syllable,
and tus is the end of the word.
Id. Idem.
Il Cons. del Mar. Il Consolato del Mare. See Consolato del Mare,
in the body of the work.
Imp. Pr. C. P. Impey's Practice in the common Pleas.
Imp. Pr. K. B. Impey's Practice in the King's Bench.
Imp. Pl. Impey's Modern Pleader.
Imp. Sh. Impey's Office of Sheriff.
In f. In fine, at the end of the title, law, or paragraph quoted.
In pr. In principio, in the beginning and before the first
paragraph of a law.
In princ. In principio. In the beginning .
In sum. Insumma, in the summary.
Ind. Index.
Inf. Infra, beneath or below.
Ing. Dig. Ingersoll's Digest of the laws of the United States.
Ing. Roc. Ingersoll's Roccus.
Ingr. on Insolv. Ingraham on Insolvency.
Inj. Injunction.
Ins. Insurance.
Inst. Coke on Littleton, is cited Co. Lit. or 1 Inst., for First
Institute.
Coke's magna Charta, is cited Co. M.C. or 2 Inst., for Second
Institute.
Co. P. C. Coke's Pleas of the Crown, is cited 3 Inst., for
Third Institute.
Co. on Courts. Coke on Courts, is cited 4 Inst., for Fourth
Institute.
Inst. Institutes. When the Institutes of Justinian are cited, the
citation is
made thus; Inst. 4, 2, 1; or Inst. lib. 4, tit. 2, l. 1; to
signify In
stutues, book 4, tit. 2, law 1. Coke's Institutes are cited,
the first, ei-
ther Col Lit. or 1 Inst., and the others 2 Inst., 3 Inst., and
4 Inst.
Inst. Cl. or Inst. Cler. Instructor Clericalis.
Inst. Jur. Angl. Institutiones Juris Anglicani, by Doctor Cowell.
Introd. Introduction.
Ir. Eq. R. Irish Equity Reports.
Ir. T. R. Irish Term Reports. Sometimes cited Ridg. Irish. T. R.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 34 of 118
(q.v.) J. Justice.
J. institutes of Justinian.
J. C. Juris Consultus.
J. C. P. Justice ofthe common Pleas.
J. Glo. Juncta Glossa, the Gloss joined to the text quoted.
J. J. Justices.
J. J. Marsh. J.J. Marsha''s (Kentucky) Reports.
J. K. B. Justice of the King's Bench.
J. P. Justice of the Peace.
J. Q. B. Justice ofthe Queen's Bench.
J. U. B. Justice of the Upper Bench. During the Commonwealth of
the English Court ofthe King's Bench was called the Upper Bench.
Jac. Jacobus, James; as, 4 Jac. 1, c. 1.
Jac. Introd. Jacob's Introduction to the Comm, Civil, and Canon
Law.
Jac. L. D. Jacob's law Dictionary.
jac. L. G. Jacob's law Grammar.
Jac. Lex. Mer. jacob's Lex Mercatoria, or the Merchant's
Companion.
Jac. R. Jacob's Chancery Reports.
Jac. & Walk. Jacob & Walker's Chancery Reports.
Jack. Pl. Jackson on Pleading.
Jarm. on Wills. Jarman on the Law of Wills.
Jarm. Pow. Dev. Powell on Devises, with Notes by Jarman.
Jebb's Ir. Cr. Cas. Jebb's Irish Criminal Cases.
Jeff. Man. Jefferson's Manual.
Jeff. R. Thomas Jefferson's Reports.
Jenk. Jenkins' Eight Centuries of Reports; or Eight Hundred
Cases solemnly
adjudged in the Exchequer Chamber, or upon Writs of Error, from
K. Henry III, to 21 K. James I.
Jer. Jeremy.
Jer. on Carr. Jeremy's Law of Carriers.
Jer. Eq. Jur. Jeremy on the Equity Jurisdiction of the High Court
of Chancery.
Jer. on Cor. Jervis on Coroners.
John. Cas. Johnson's Cases.
John. R. Johnson's Reports.
John. Ch. R. Johnson's Chancery Reports.
John. Eccl. Law. Johnson's Ecclesiastical Law.
Johns. Civ. L. of Sp. Johnson's Civil Law of Spain.
Johns. on Bills. The Law of Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes,
Checks, & c., by Cuthbert W. Johnson.
Jon. Sir Wm. Jones' Reports.
Jon. & Car. Jones and Carey's Reports.
Jon. on Lib. Jones, De Libellis Famosis, or the Law of Libels.
Jon. Inst. HInd. L. Jones' Institutes of Hindoo Laws.
Jon. (1) Sir W. Jones' Reports.
Jon. (2) Sir T. Jones' Reports.
Jon. T. Thomas Jones' REports.
Jon. oon Bailm Lones' Law of Bailments.
Jones' Intr. Jones' Introduction to Legal Science.
Joy on Ev. Acc. Joy on the Evidence of Accomplices.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 35 of 118
Joy on Chal. Joy on Challenge to Jurors.Joy Leg. Ed. Joy on Legal
Education.
Jud. Chr. Judicial Chronicle.
Jud. Repos. Judicial Repository.
Judg. Judgments.
Jr. Eccl. Jura Ecclesiastica, or a Treatise of the Ecclesiastical
Law and Courts, interspersed with various cases of Law and Equity.
Jr. Mar. Molloy's Jure Maritimo. Sometimes cited Molloy.
Jus. Nav. Thod. Jus Navale Thodiorum.
Just. Inst. Justinian's Institutes.
K. B. King's Bench.
K. C. R. Reports in the time of Chancellor King.
K.& O. Knapp & Omber's Election Cases.
Kames on Eq. Kames' Principles of Equity.
Kames' Ess. Kames' Essays.
Kames' Hist. L. T. Kames' HIstorical Law Tracts.
Keat. Fam. Settl. Keating on Family Settlements.
Keb. Keble's Reports.
Keb. Stat. Keble's English Statutes.
Keen's R. Keen's Reports.
Keil or Keilw. Keilways' Reports.
Kel. Sir John Kelyng's Reports.
Kel. 1,2, or W. Kel. William Kelyng's Reports, two parts.
Kelh. Norm L. D. Kelham's Norman French Law Dictionary.
Kell. R. Kelly's Reports.
Ken. on Jur. Kennedy on Juries.
Kent. Com. Kent's Commentaries on American Law.
Keny. Kenyon's Reports of the Court of King's Bench.
Kit. or Kitch. Kitchen on Courts.
Kna.& Omb. Knapp & Omber's Election Cases.
Knapp's A. C. Knapp's Appeal Cases.
Knapp's R. Knapp's Privy Council Reports.
Kyd on Aw. Kyd on the Law of Awards.
Kyd on Bills. Kyd on the Law relating to Bills of Exchange.
Kyd on Corp. Kyd on the Law of Corporations.
L, in citation means law, as L. 1, 33. Furtum, ff de Furtis, i.e.
law 1, section or paragraph beginning with the word Furtum; ff,
signifies the Digest, and the words de Furtis denote the title.
L. signifies also liber, book.
L.& G. Lloyd's & Goold's Reports.
L.& W. Lloyd & welshy's Mercantile Cases.
LL. Laws, as LL. Gul. 1, c. 42. Laws of William I. chapter 42;
LL. of U.S., Laws of the United States.
L.S. Locus sigili.
L.R. Louisiana Reports.
La. Lane's REports.
Lalaure, des Ser. Traite des Servitudes reelles, par M. laalaure.
Lamb. Archai. Lambard's Archaionomia.
Lamb. Eiren. Lambard's Eirenarcha.
Lamb. on Dow. Lambert on Dower.
Lat. Latch's Reprts.
Laus. on Eq. laussat's Essay on Equity Practice in Pennsylvania.
Law. on Chart. part. Lawes on the Law of Charter Parties.
Law. Lib. Law Library.
Law Rep. Law Reporter.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 36 of 118
Laws Eccl. Law. Laws' Ecclesiastical Law.Law Intel. Law Intelligencer.
Law Fr. & latin Dict. Law French and Latin Dictionary.
Law. Pl. lawes' Elementary Treatise on Pleading in Civil Actions.
Law. Pl. in Ass. Lawes' Treatise on Pleading in Assumpsit.
Laws of Wom. Laws of Women.
Lawy. Mag. lawyer's magazine.
Le. Ley's Reports.
Leach. Leach's Cases in Crown Law.
Lec. Elm. Lecons Elementaire du Driot Civil Romain.
Lee Abst. Tit. Lee on the Evidence of Abstracts of Title to REal
Property.
Lee on Capt. Lee's Treatise of Captures in War.
Lee's Dict. Lee's Dictionary of Practice.
Lee's Eccl. R. Lee's Ecclesiastical Reports.
Leg. Bibl. Legal Bibliography, by J.G. Marvin.
Leg. Legibus.
Leg. Obs. Legal Observer.
Leb. Oler. The Laws of Oleron.
Leg. on Outl. Legge on Outlawry.
Leg. Rhod. The Laws of Thodes.
Leg. ult. The Last Law.
Leg. Wish. Lawas of Wishury.
Leigh & Dal. on Conv. Leigh & Dalzell on Conversion of Property.
Leigh's R. Leigh's Reports.
Leigh's N.P. Leigh's Nisi Prius.
Leo. or Leon. Leonard's Reports.
Lev. Levinz' Reports.
Lev. Ent. Levinz's Entries.
Lew. C. C. Lewin's Crown Cases.
Lew. Cr. Law. An Abridgment of the Criminal Law of the United
States, by Ellis Lewis.
Lew. on Tr. Lewin on Trusts.
Lew. on Perp. Lewin on the Law of Perpetuities.
Lex Man. Lex maneriorum.
Lex Mer. Lex Mercatoria.
Lex Mer. Am. Lex Mercatoria Americana.
Lex Parl. Lex Parliamentaria.
Ley. Ley's Reports.
Lib. Liber, book.
Libb. Ass. Liber Assisarum.
Lib. Ent. Old Book of Entries.
Lib. Feud. Liber Feudorum.
Lib. Intr. Liber Intrationum; or Old Book of Entries.
Lib. Nig. Liber Niger.
Lib. Pl. Liber Placitandi.
Lib. Reg. Register Books.
Lib. Rub. LIber Ruber.
Lib. Ten. Liberum Tenementum.
Lid. Jud. Adv. Liddel's Detail of the Duties of a Deputy Judge
Advocate.
Lill. Entr. Lilly's Entries.
Lill. Reg. Lilly's Register.
Lill. Rep. Lilly's Reports.
Lill. Conv. Lilly's conveyancer.
Lind. Lindewooode's Provinciale; or Provincial Constitutions of
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 37 of 118
England, with the Legantine Constitutions of Otho and Othobond.
Litt. s. Littleton, section.
Litt. R. Littell's Reports.
Litt. Rittleton's Reports.
Litt. Sel. Cas. Littell's Select Cases.
Litt. Ten. Littleton's Tenures.
Liv. Livre, book.
Liv. on Ag. Livermore on the Law of Principal and Agent.
Liv. Syst. Livingston's System of Penal Law for the State of
Louisiana. This
work is sometimes cited Libingston's Report on the Plan of a
Penal Code.
Liverm. Diss. Livermore's dissertations on the Contrariety of
Laws.
Llo.& Go. Lloyd & Goold's Reports.
Llo.& Go. t. Sudg. Lloyd & Goold's Reports, during the time of
Sugden.
Llo.& Go. t. Plunk. Lloud & Goold during the time of Plunkett.
Llo.& Welsh. Lloyd & Welshy's Reports of Cases relating to
Commerce, Manufactures, &c., determined in the Courts of Common Law.
Loc. cit. Loco citato, the place cited.
Log. Comp. Compendium of the Law of England, Scotland, and
Ancient Rome, by James Logan.
Lofft. Lofft's Reports.
Lois des Batim. Lois des Batimens.
Lom. Dig. Lomax's Digest of the Law of Real Property in the
United States.
Lom. Ex. Lomax on Executors.
Long. Quint. Year Book, part 10 Vide Year Book.
Louis Code. Civil Code of Louisiana.
Louis. R. Louisiana Reports.
Lovel. on Wills. Lovelass on Wills.
Lown. Leg. Lowndes on the Law of Legacies.
Lube, Pl. Eq. An Analysis of the Principles of Equity Pleading,
by D. G. Lube.
Luder's elec. Cas. Luder's Election Cases.
Luml. Ann. Lumley on Annuities.
Luml Parl. Pr. Lumley's Parliamentary Practice.
Luml on Settl. Lumley on Settlements and Removal.
Lut. Ent. Lutwyche's entries.
Lutw. Lutwyches' Reports.
M. Michaelmas Term.
M. Maxim, or Maxims.
M. Jary; as 4 Mary st.3, c.1.
M.& A. Montagu & Ayrton's Reports of Cases of Bankruptcy.
M.& B. Montagu and bligh's Cases in Bankruptcy.
M.& C. Mylne & Craig's Reports.
M.& C. Montagu & Chittys' Reports.
M.& G. Manning & Granger's Reports.
M.& G. Maddock & Geldart's Reports.
M.G.& S. Manning, Granger & Scott's Reports.
M.& K. Mylne & Keen's chancery Reports.
M.& M. or Mo.& Malk. Rep. Moody & Malkin's Nisi Prius Reports.
M. P. Exch. Modern Practice Exchequer.
M.& P. Moore & Payne's Reports.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 38 of 118
M.R. Master of the Rolls.
M. R. Martin's Reports of the Supreme Court of the State of
Louisiana.
M.& R. Manning & Ryland's Reports.
M.& S. Moore & Scott's Reports.
M.& S. Maule & Selwyn's Reports.
M.& Y. or Mart. & Yerg. Martin & Yerger's Reports.
M.& W. Meeson & Welshy's Reports.
M. D.& G. Montagu, Daecon & Gex's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy.
M'Arth. C. M. M'Arthur on Courts Martial.
M'Cl & Yo. M'Clelland & Younge's Exchequer Reports.
M'Clel. E. R. M'Clelland's Exchequer Reports.
M'Cord's Ch. R. M'Cord's Chancery Reports.
M'Cord's R. M'Cord's Reports
M'Kin. Phil. Ev. M'Kinnon's Philosophy of Evidence.
M'Naght. C. M. M'Naghton on Courts Martial.
McLean & Rob. McLean & Robinson's Reports.
M'Lean R. M'Lean's Reports.
Macn. on Null. Macnamara on Nullities nad Irregularities in the
Practice of the Law.
macnal. Ev. Macnally's Rules of Evidence on Pleas oft he Crown.
Macph. on Inf. Macpherson on Infants.
Macq. on H.& W. Macqueen on Hushand and Wife.
Mad. Exhc. Madox's History ofthe Exchequer.
Mad. Form. Madox's Formulare Anglicanum.
Madd.& Geld. Maddock's & Geldart's Reports.
Madd., Madd. R. Maddock's chancery REports.
Madd. Pr. or Madd. Ch. Maddock's Chancery Practice.
Mag. Ins. Magens on Insurance.
Mal. Malyne's Lex Mercatoria.
Man. Manuscript.
Man.& Gra. Manning & Granger's Reports.
man. Gr.& Sc. Manning, Granger & Scott's Reports.
Man.& Ry. Manning & Ryland's Reports.
Manb. on Fines. Manby on Fines.
Man. Comm. Manning's Commentaries of the Law of Nations.
Mann. Exch. Pr. Manning's Exchequer Practice.
mans. on Dem. Mansel on Demurrers.
Mans. on Lim. Mansel of the Law of Limitations.
Manw. Manwood's Forest Laws.
mar. Mritime.
mar. N.C. March's New Cases.
Mar. R. march's Reports.
Marg. margin.
Marr. Adm. Dec. Marriott's Admiralty Decisions.
Marr. Form. Inst. marriott's Formulare Instrumentorum; or a
Formulary of
Authentic Instruments, Writs, and Standing orders used in the
Court of Admiralty of Great Britain, of Prize and Instance.
Marsh. Marshall's Reports in the Court of Common Pleas. A. Marsh.
Marshall's
(Kty.) Reports. J. J. Marsh. J. J. Marshall's Reports. Marsh.
Ins. Marshall on the Law of Insurance.
Marsh. Decis. Brockenbrought's Reports of Chief JUstice
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 39 of 118
marshall's Decisions.Mart. law Nat. Martin's Law of Nations.
Mart. (N.C.) R. Martin's North Carolina Reports.
Mart. (Lo.) R. Martin's Louisiana Reports.
Marv. Leg. Bibl. Marvin's Legal Bibliography.
Mart.& Yerg. Martin & Yerger's Reports.
Mart. N. S. Martin's Louisiana Reports, new series.
Sason R. mason's circuit Court Reports.
Mass. R. Massachusetts Reports.
Math. on Pres. Mathew on the Doctrine of Presumption and
Presumptive Evidence.
Matth. on Prt. Matthews on Portion.
Matth. on Ex. Matthews on Executors.
maugh. Lit. Pr. Maughan on Literary Property.
Maule & Selw. Maule & Selwyn's Reports.
Max. Maxims.
Maxw. L. D. Maxwell's Dictionary of the Law of Bills of Exchange,
& c.
Maxw. on Mar. L. Laxwell's Spirit of the Marine Laws.
Mayn. Maynard's Reports. See Year Books in the body of the work.
The first part of the Y. B. is sometimes so cited.
Med. Jr. Medical Jurisprudence.
Mees. & Wels. Meeson & Welshy's Reports.
Meigs, R. Meigs' Tennessee Reports.
Mer. R. Merivale's Reports.
Merch. Dict. Merchant's Dictionary.
Merl. Quest. Merlin, Questions de Driot.
Merl. Repert. Merlin, Repertoire.
Merrif. Law of Att. Merrifield's Law of Attorneys.
Merrif. on Costs. Merrifield's Law of costs.
Metc. R. Metcalf's Reports.
Metc. & Perk. Dig. Digest of the Decisions of the Courts of
Common Law and
Admiralty in the United States. By Theron Metcalf and Jonathan
C. Perkins.
Mich. Michaelmas.
Mich. Rev. St. Michigan Revised Statutes.
Miles' R. Miles' Reports.
Mill. Civ. Law. Miller's civil Law.
Mill. Ins. Millar's Elements of the Law relating to Insurances.
Sometimes this
work is cited Mill. El.
Mill. on Eq. Mort. Miller on Equitable Mortgages.
Minor's Rep. Minor's Alabama Reports, sometimes cited Ala. Rep.
Mirch. onAdv. Mirehead on Advowsons.
Mirr. Mirroir des Justices.
Misso. R. Missourti Reports.
Mitf. Pl. Mitford's Pleadings in Equity. Also cited Redead. Pl.
Redesdale's Pleadings.
MO. Sir Francis Moore's Reports in the reign of K. Henry VIII.,
Q. Elizabeth, and K. James.
Mo.& Malk. Moody & Malkin's Reports.
Mo. C. C. Moody's Crown Cases.
Mo. Cas. Moody's Nisi Prius and Crown Cases.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 40 of 118
Mod. or Mod. R. Modern Reports.Mod. Cas. Modern Cases.
Mod. C. L.& E. Modern Cases in Law and Equity. The 8 & 9 Modern
Reports are sometimes so cited; the 8th cited as the 1st, and the
9th as the 2d.
Mod. Entr. Modern entries.
Mod. Int. Modus Intrandi.
Mol. Molloy, De jure Miartimo.
Moll. R. Molloy's chancery Reports.
Monr. R. Monroe's Reports.
Mont. & Ayrt. Montagu & Ayrton's Reports.
Mont. B. C. Montagu's Bankrupt Cases.
Mont. & Bligh. Montagu & Bligh's Cases in Bankruptcy.
Mont. & Chit. Montagu & Chitty's Reports.
Mont. on Comp. Montagu on the Law of Composition.
Mont. B. L. Montagu on the Bankrupt Laws.
Mont. on Set-off. Montagu on Set-off.
Mont. Deac. & Gex. Montagu, Deacon & Gex's Reports of Cases in
Bankruptcy,
argued and determined in the Court of Review, and on Appeals to
the Lord Chancellor.
Mont. Dig. Montagu's digest of Pleadings in EQuity.
Mont. Eq. Pl. Montagu's Equity Pleading.
Mont. & Mac. Montagu & MacArthur's Reports.
Mont. Sp. of Laws. Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws.
Montesq. Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois.
Moo. & Malk. Moody & Malkin's Reports.
Moo. & Rob. Moody & Robinson's Reports.
Moore, R. J. B. Moore's Reports of Cases decided in the Court of
Common Pleas.
Moore's A. C. Moore's Appeal Cases.
Moore & Payne. Moore & Payne's Reports of Cases in C. P.
Moore & Scott. Moore & Scott's Reports of Cases in C. P.
Mort. on Vend. Morton's law of Vendors and Purchasers of Chattels
Personal.
Mos. Mosely's Reports.
MSS> Manuscripts; as, Lord Colchester's MSS>
Much. D.& S. Muchall's Doctor and Student.
Mun. Municipal.
Munf. R. Munford's Reports.
Murph. R. Murphy's Reports.
My. & Keen. Mylne & Keen's Chancery Reports.
Myl.& Cr. Mylne & Craig's Reports.
N. Number.
N. or Nov. Novellae: the Novels.
N. A. Non allocatur.
N. B. Nulla bona.
N. Benl. New Benloe.
N. C. Cas. North Carolina Cases.
N. C. Law Rep. North Carolina Law Repository.
N. C. Term R. North Carolina Term Reports. This volume is
sometimes cited 2 Tayl.
N. Chipm. R. N. Chipman's Reports.
N. E. I. Non est Inventus.
N. H. Rep. New Hampshire Reports.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 41 of 118
N. H. & G. Nicholl, Hare & Garrow's Reports.N. L. Nelson's editon
of Lutwyche's Reports.
N. L. Non liquet. Vide Ampliation.
N.& M. Neville & Manning's Repors.
N.& P. Neville & Perry's Reports.
N. P. Nisi Prius.
N.& M'C. Nott & M'Cord's Reports.
N. R. or New R. New Reports; the new series, or 4 & 5 Bos. &
Pull. Reports, are usually cited N. R.
N. S. New Series of the Reports of the Supreme Court of
Louisiana.
N. Y. R. S. New York Revised Statutes.
Nar. Conv. Nares on Convictions.
Neal's F.& F. Neal's Feasts and Fasts; an Essay on the Rise,
Progress and
Present State of the Laws relating to Sundays and other
Holidays, and other days of fasting.
Nels. Ab. Nelson's Abridgment.
Nels. Lex Maner. Nelson's Lex Maneriorum.
Nels. R. Nelson's Reports.
nem. con. Nemine contradicente, (q.v.)
Nem. Dis. nemine dissentiente.
Nev. & Mann. Neville & Manning's Reports.
nev. & Per. Neville & Perry's Reports.
New Benl. Benloe's Reports. Reports in the Reign of Henry VIII.,
Edw. VI.,'
Phil. and Mary, and Elizabeth, and other Cases in the times of
Charles. By
William Benloe. See Benl.
New Rep. new Reports. A continuation of Bosanquet & Puller's
Reports.
See B.& P.
Newf. Rep. Newfoundland Reports.
newl. Contr. Newland's Treatise on Contracts.
Newl. Ch. Pr. Newland's Chancery Practice.
Newn. Conv. Newnam on Conveyancing.
Ni. Pri. Nisi Pirus.
Nich. Adult. Bast. Nicholas on Adulterine Bastardy.
Nich. Har. & Gar. Nicholl, Hare & Garrow's Reports.
Nient Cul. Nient Culpable, old French, not guilty.
Nol. P. L. Nolan's Poor Laws.
Nol. R. Nolan's Reports of Cases relative to the Duty and Office
of Justice of the Peace.
Non Cul. Non culpabilis, not guilty.
North. Northington's Reports.
Nott.& M'cord. Nott & M'Cord's reports.
Nov. Novellae, the Novels.
Nov. REc. Novisimi Recopilacion de las Leyes de Espana.
Noy's Max. Nou's Maxims.
Noy's R. Noy's Reports.
O. Benl. Old Benloe.
O. Bridg. Orlando Bridgman's Reports.
O. C. Old Code: so is denominated the Civil Code of Louisiana,
1808.
O. N. B. Old Natura Brevium. Vide Vet. N. B., in the
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 42 of 118
abbreviations, and "Old Natura Brevium," in the body of the work.
O. Ni. These letters, which are an abbreviation for overatur
nisis habent sufficientem exonerationem, are, according to the
practice of the English Exchequer, marked upon each head of
a Sheriff's account for issues, amerciaments and mean profits.
4 Inst. 116.
Oblig. Obligations.
Observ. Observations.
Off. Office.
Off. Br. Officina Brevium.
Off. Ex. Wentworth's Office of Executors.
Ohio R. Ohio Reports.
Oldn. Oldnall's Welsh Practice.
Onsl. N. P. Onslow's Nisi Prius.
Ord. Anst. Ordinance of Amsterdam.
Ord. Antw. Ordinance of Antwerp.
Ord. Bilb. Ordinance of Bilboa.
Ord. Ch. Orders in Chancery.
Ord. Cla. Lord Clarendon's Orders.
Ord. Copenh. Ordinance of Copenhagen.
Ord. Cor. Orders of Court.
Ord. Flor. Ordinances of Florence.
Ord. Gen. Ordinance of Genoa.
Ord. Hamb. Ordinance of Hamburgh.
Ord. Konigs. Ordinance of Konigsherg.
Ord. Leg. Ordinances of Leghorn.
Ord. de la Mar. Ordonnance de la marine, de Louis XIV.
Ord. Prot. Ordinances of Portugal.
Ord. Prus. Ordinances of Prussia.
Ord. Rott. Ordinances of Rotterdam.
Ord. Swed. Ordinances of Sweden.
Ord. on Us. Ordinances on the Law of Usury.
Orfil. Med. Jur. Orfila's Medical Jurisprudence.
Orig. Original.
Oought. Oughton's Ordo Judiciorum.
Overt. R. Overton's Reports.
Ow. owen's Reports.
Owen, Bankr. Owen on Bankruptcy.
P. Page or part. Pp. Pages.
P. Pachalis, Easter term.
P.C. Pleas of the Crown.
P.& D. Perry & Davison's Reports.
P.& K. Perry & Knapp's Election Cases.
P.& M. PHilip and mary; as, 1 & 2 P.& M. c. 4.
P.N>P. Peake's Nisi Prius.
P. P. Propria persona; in his own person.
Pa. R. Pennsylvania Reports.
P. R. or P. R. C. P. Practical REgister in the Common Pleas.
P. Wms. Peere Williams' Reports.
Paige's R. Paige's Chancery Reports.
Paine's R. Paine's Reports.
Pal. Palmer's Reports.
Pal. AG. Paley on the Law of Principal and Agent.
Pal. Conv. Paley on Convictions.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 43 of 118
Palm. Pr. Lords. Palmer's Practice in the House of Lords.Pand.
Pandects. Vide Dig.
Par. Paragraph; as, 29 Eliz. cap. 5, par. 21.
Par.& Fonb. M. J. Paris & Fonblanque on Medical Jurisprudence.
Pardess. Pardessus, Cours de Driot Commercial. In this work
Pardessus is cited in several ways, namely: Pardes. Dr. Com
Part 3, tit. 1, c. 2, s. 4, n. 286; or 2 Pardes. n. 286,
which is the same reference.
Park on Dow. Park on Dower.
Park, Ins. Park on Insurance.
Park. R. Sir Thomas Parker's Reports of Cases concerning the
Revenue, in the Exchequer.
Park. on Ship. Parker on Shipping nad Insurance.
Parl. Hist. Parliamentary History.
Patch. on Mortg. Patch's Treatise on the Law of Mortgages.
Paul's Par. Off. Paul's Parish Officer.
Pay. Mun. Rights. Payne's Municipal Rights.
Peak. Add. Cas. Peake's Additional Cases.
Peak. C. N. P. Peake's Cases determined at Nisi Prius, and in the
K. B.
Peake, Ev. Peake on the Law of Evidence.
Peck. R. Peck's Reports.
Peck's Tr. Peck's Trial.
Peckw. E. C. Peckwell's Election Cases.
Penn. Bl. Pennsylvania Blackstone, by John Read, Esq.
Penn. law Jo. Pennsylvania Law JOurnal.
Penn. R. Pennington's Reports. The Pennsylvania Reports are
sometimes cited
Penn. R., but more properly, for the sake of distinction,
Penna. R.
Penn. St. R. Pennsylvania State Reports.
Penna. Pr. Pennsylvania Practice; also cited Tro. & Hal. Pr.,
Troubat & Haly's Practice.
Penna. R. Pennsylvania Reports.
Pennsylv. Pennsylvania Reports.
Penr. Anal. Penruddocke's Analysis ofthe Criminal Law.
Penult. The last but one.
Per.& Dav. Perry & Davison's Reports.
Per.& Knapp. Perry & Knapp's Election Cases.
Perk. Perkins on conveyancing.
Perk. Prof. B. Perkins' Profitable Book.
Perpip. on Pat. Perpigna on Patents. The full title of this work
is, "The
French Law and Practice of Patents for Inventions,
Improvements, and
Importations. by A. Perpigna, A.M.L.B., Barrister in the Royal
Court of
Paris, Member of the Society for the Encouragement of ARts,
&c." The work is
well written in the English language. The author is a French
lawyer, and has
written another work on the same subject in French.
Pet. Ab. Petersdorff's Abridgment.
Pet. Adm. Dec. Peters' Admiralty Decisions.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 44 of 118
Pet. on Bail, or Petersd. on Bail. Petersdorff on the Law of Bail.
Pet. R. Peters' Supreme Court Reports.
Pet. C. C. R. Peters' Circuit Court Reports.
Petting. on Jur. Pettingal on Juries.
Phil. Ev. Phillips' Evidence.
Phil. Ins. PHillips on Insurance.
Phil. St. Tr. Phillips' State Trials.
Phill. Civ. and Can. Laws. Phillimore on the Study of the Civil
and Canon
Law, considered in relation to the state, the church, and the
universities, and in connexion with the college of advocates.
Phill. on Dom. Phillimore on the Law of Domicil.
Phillim. or Phillim E. R. Phillimore' Ecclesiastical Reports.
Pick. R. Pickering's Reports.
Pig. Pigot on Recoveries.
Pike's Rep. Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Supreme
Court of Law and Equity of the State of Arkansas.
by Albert Pike. These Reports are cited Ark. Rep.
Pitm. Prin. and Sur. Pitman on Principal and Surety.
Pl. Placitum or plea.
Pl. or Plow. or Pl. Com. Plowden's Commentaries, or Reports.
Plff. Plaintiff.
Platt on Cov. Platt on Law of Covenants.
Platt on Lea. Platt on Leases.
Pol. Pollexfen's Reports.
Poph. Popham's Reports. The cases at the end of Pophams' Reports
are cited 2 Poph.
Port. R. Porter's Reports.
Poth. Pothier. The numerous works of Pothier are cited by
abbreviating his
name Poth. and then adding the name of the treatise; the
figures generally
refer to the number, as Poth. Ob. n. 100, which signifies
Pothier's Treatise
on the Law of Obligations, number 100. Poth. du Mar. Pothier du
Mariage.
Poth. Vente. Pothier Traite de Vente, & c. His Pandects, in 24
vols. are cited Poth. Pand. with the book, title, law, & c.
Pott's L. D. Pott's Law Dictionary.
Pow. Powell.
Pow. Contr. Powell on Contracts.
Pow. Dev. Powell on Devises.
Pow. Mortg. Powell on Mortgages.
Pow. Powers. Powell on Powers.
Poyn. on M. and D. Poynter on the Law of Marriage and Divorce.
Pr. Principio. In pr. In principio; in the beginning.
Pr. Ex. Rep. or Price's E. R. Prices' Exchequer Reports.
Pr. Reg. Cha. Practical Register in Chancery.
Pr. St. Private Statute.
Pr. Stat. Private Statute.
Pract. Reg. C. P. Practical Register of the Common Pleas.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 45 of 118
Pract. Reg. in Ch. Practical Register in Chancery.Prat. on H.& W.
Prater on the Law of Hushand and Wife.
Pref. Preface.
Prel. Preliminaire.
Prest. Preston.
Prest. on Est. Preston on Estates.
Prest. Abs. Tit. Preston's Essay on Abstracts of Title.
Prest. on Conv. Preston's Treatise on Conveyancing.
Prest. on Leg. Preston on Legacies.
Pri. Price's Reports.
Price's Ex. Rep. Price's Exchequer Reports.
Price's Gen Pr. Price's General Practice.
Prin. Principium, the beginning of a title or law.
Prin. Dec. Printed Decisions.
Priv. Lond. Customs or Privileges of London.
Pro. L. Province Laws.
Pro quer. Pro querentum, for the plaintiff.
Proct. Pr. Proctor's Practice.
Puff. Puffendorff's law of nature.
Q. Quaestione, in such a Question.
Q. B. Queen's Bench.
Q. B. R. Queen's Bench Reports, by Adolphus & Ellis. New series.
Q.t. Qui tam.
Qu. Quere.
Q. Van Weyt. Q. Van Weytsen on Average.
Q. Warr. Quo Warranto; (q.v.) The letters (q.v.) quod vide,
which see, refer to the article mentioned immediately before them.
Qu. Quaestione, in such a Question.
Quest. Questions.
Quinti Quinto. Year-book, 5 Henry V.
Quon. Attach. Quoniam Attachiamenta. See Dalr. F.L. 47.
R. Resolved, ruled, or repealed.
R. Richard; as, 2 R. 2, c. 1.
Rich. Rep. Richardson's (S.C.) Reports.
RC. Rescriptum.
R.& M. Russell and Milne's Reports.
R.& M. C. C. Ryan and Moody's Crown Cases.
R.& M. N. P. Ryan & Moody's Nisi Prius Cases.
R.& R. Russell & Ryans' Criwn Cases.
R. M. Charlt. R. M. Charlton's Reports.
RS. Responsum.
R. S. L. Reading on Statute Law.
Ram on Judgm. Ram on the LAw relating to Legal Judgments
Rand. Perp. Randall on the Law of Perpetuities.
Rand. R. Randolph's Reports.
Rast. Rastall's Entries.
Rawle's R. Rawle's Reports.
Rawle, Const. Rawle on the Constitution.
Ray's Med. Jur. Ray's Medical Jurisprudence on Insanityh.
Raym. or, more usually, Ld. Raym. lrod Raymond's Reports. T.
Raym. Sir Thomas Raymond's Reports.
Re. Fa. lo. Recordari facias loquelam. Vide Refalo in the body of
the work.
Rec. Recopilation.
Rec. Recorder; as, City Hall Rec.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 46 of 118
Redd. on Mar. Com. Reddie's Historical View of hte Law of
Maritime Commerce.
Redesd. Pl. Redesdale's Equity Pleading. This work is also and
must usually cited Mitf. Pl.
Reeves' H. E. L. Reeves' History of the English Law.
Reeves on Ship. Reeves on the Law of Shipping and Navigation.
Reeves on Des. Reeves on Descents.
Reg. Regula, rule.
Reg. Register.
Reg. Brev. Registrum Brevium, or Register of Writs.
Reg. Gen. Regulae Generales.
Reg. Jud. Registrum Judiciale.
Reg. Mag. Regiam Magestatem.
Reg. Pl. Regula Placitandi.
Renouard, des Brev. d'Inv. Traite des Brevets d'Invention, de
Perfectionement,
et d'Importation, par Augustin Charles Renouard.
Rep. The Reports of Lord Coke are frequently cited 1 Rep., 2
Rep., &c. and sometimes they are cited Co.
Rep. Repertoire.
Rep. Eq. Gilbert's Reports in Equity.
Rep. Q. A. Reports of Cases during the time of Queen Anne.
Rep. T. Finch. Reports tempore Finch.
Rep. T. Hard. Reports during the time of Lord Hardwicke.
Rep. T. Holt. Reports tempore Holt.
Rep. T. Talb. Reports of Cases decided during the time of Lord
Talbot.
Res. Resolution. Teh cases reported in Coke's Reports, are
divided into resolutions on the different points of the case,
and are cited 1 Res. &c.
Ret. Brev. Retorna Brevium.
Rev. St. or REv. Stat. REvised Statutes.
Rey, des Inst. de l'Anglet. Des Institutions Judiciaries de
l'Angleterre comparees avec celles de la France. Par Joseph Rey.
Reyn. Inst. Institutions du Droit des Gens, &c. par Gerard de
Reyneval.
Ric. Richard; as, 12 Ric. 2, c. 15.
Rice's Rep. Reports of Cases in Chancery argued and determined in
the Court of Appeals and Court of Error of South Carolina.
by William Rice, State Reporter.
Rich. Pr. C. P. Richardson's Practice in the Common Pleas.
Rich. Pr. K. B. Richardson's Practice in the King's Bench.
Rich Eq. R. Richardson's Equity Reports.
Rich. on Wills. Richardson on Wills.
Ridg. Irish. T. R. Ridgeway, Lapp & Schoales' Term Reports in the
K.B., Dublin. Sometimes this is cited Ridg. L.& S.
Ridg. P. C. Ridgeway's Cases in Parliament.
Ridg. Rep. Ridgeway's Reports of Cases in K. B. and Chancery.
Ridg. St. Tr. Ridgeway's Reports of State Trials in Ireland.
Ril. Ch. Cas. Riley's chancery Cases.
Rob. Adm. REp. Robinson's Admiralty Reports.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 47 of 118
Rob. Cas. Robertson's Cases in Parliament, from Scotland.Rob. Dig.
Robert's Digest of the English Statutes in force in Pennsylvania.
Rob. Entr. Robinson's Entries.
Rob. on Fr. Roberts on Frauds.
Rob. on Fraud. Conv. Roberts on Fraudulent Conveyances.
Rob. on Gavelk. Robinson on Gavelkind.
Rob. Lo. Rep. Robinson's Louisiana Reports.
Rob. Just. Robinson's Justice of the Peace.
Rob. Pr. Robinson's Practice in Suits at Law, in Virginia.
Rob. V. Rep. Robinson's (Virginia) Reports.
Rob. on Wills. Robert's Treatise on the Law of Wills and
Codicils.
Roc. Ins. Roccus on Insurance. Vide Ing. Roc.
Rog. Eccl. Law. Rogers' Ecclesiastical law.
Rog. Rec. Roger's City Hall Recorder.
Roll. Rolle's Abridgment.
Roll. R. Rolle's Reports.
Rom. Cr. Law. Romilly's Observations on the Criminal Law of
England, as it relates to capital punishment.
Rop. on H.& W. A Treatise on the Law of Property, arising from
the relation between Hushand and Wife. By R. S. Donnison Roper.
Rop. Leg. Roper on Legacies.
Rop. on Revoc. Roper on Revocations.
Rosc. Roscoe.
Rosc. on Act. Roscoe on Actions relating to Real Property.
Rosc. Civ. Ev. Roscoe's Digest of the Law of Evidence on the
Trial of Actions at Nisi Prius.
Rosc. Cr. Ev. Roscoe on Criminal Evidence.
Rosc. on Bills. Roscoe's Treatise on the Law relating to Bills of
Exchange, Promissory Notes, Banker's Checks, &c.
Rose's R. Rose's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy.
Ross on V.& P. Ross on the Law of Vendors and Purchasers.
Rot. Parl. Rotulae Parliamentariae.
Rowe's Sci. Jur. Rowe's Scintilla Juris.
Rub. or Rubr. Rubric, (q.v.)
Ruffh. Ruffhead's Statutes at Large.
Runn. Ej. Runnington on Ejectments.
Runn. Stat. Runnington's Statutes at Large.
Rus.& Myl. Russell & Mylne's Chancery Reports.
Rush. Rushworth's Collections.
Russ. Cr. Russell on Crimes and Misdemeanors.
Rus.& Myl. Russell & Mylne's Reports of Cases in Chancery.
Russ. on Fact. Russell on the Laws relating to Factors and
Brokers.
Russ. R. Russell's Reports of Cases in Chancery.
Russ.& Ry. Russell & Ryan's Crown Cases.
Rutherf. Inst. Rutherford's Institutes of Natural Law.
Ry. F. Rymer's Foedera.
Ry.& Mo. Ryan & Moody's Nisi Prius Reports.
Ry.& Mo. C. C. Ryan & Moody's Crown Cases.
Ry. Med. Jur. Ryan on Medical Jurisprudence.
S. §, section.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 48 of 118
S. B. Upper Bench.S.& B. Smith & Batty's Reports.
S. C. Same Case.
S. C. C. Select Cases in Chancery.
S. C. Rep. South Carolina Reports.
S.& L. Schoales & Lefroy's Reports.
S.& M. Shaw & Maclean's Reports.
S.& M. Ch. R. Smedes & Marshall's Reports of Cases decided by the
Superior Court of Chancery of Mississippi.
S.& M. Err. & App. Smedes & Marshall's Reports of Cases in the
High Court of Errors and Appeals of Mississippi.
S. P. Same Point.
S.& R. Sergeant & Rawle's Reports.
S.& S. Sausse & Scully's Reports.
S.& S. Simon & Stuart's Chancery Reports.
Sa.& Scul. Sausse & Scully's Reports.
Samdl. St. Pap. Sandler's State Papers.
Salk. Salkeld's Reports.
Sandf. Rep. Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Court
of Chancery of the State of New York, before the Hon. Lewis H.
Sandford, Assistant vice Chancellor of the First Circuit.
Sand. U.& T. Sanders on Uses and Trusts.
Sanf. on Ent. Sanford on Entails.
Sant. de Assoc. Santerna, de Asecurationibus.
Saund. Saunders' Reports.
Saund. Pl. & ev. Saunders' Treatise on the Law of Pleading and
Evidence.
Sav. Saville's Reports.
Sav. Dr. Rom. Savigny, Driot Romain.
Sav. Dr. Rom. M. A. Savigny, Driot Romain au Moyen Age.
Sav. Hist. Rom. Law. Savigny's History of the Roman Law during
the Middle Ages. Translated from the German of Carl Von Savigny,
by E. Cathcart.
Say. Costs. Sayer's Law of Costs.
Say. Sayer's Reports.
SC. Senatus consultum.
Scac. de Cam. Scaddia de Cambiis.
Scam. Rep. Scammon's Reports of Cases argued and determined in
the Supreme Court of Illinois.
Scan. Mag. Scandalum Magnatum.
Sch.& Lef. Schoales & Lefroy's Reports.
Scheiff. Pr. Scheiffer's Practice.
Schul. Aq. R. Schultes on Aquatic Rights.
Sci. Fa. Scire Facias.
Sci. fa. ad. dis. deb. Scire facias ad disprobandum debitum,
(q.v.)
Scil. Scilicet, i.e. scire licet, that is to say.
Sco. N.R. Scott's new Reports.
Scott's R. Scott's Reports.
Scriv. Copyh. Scriven's Copyholds.
Seat. F. Ch. Seaton's Forms in Chancery.
Sec. Section.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 49 of 118
Sec. Leg. Secundum legem; according to law.Sec. Reg. Secundum regulam;
according to rule.
Sedgw. on Dam. Sedgwick on Damages.
Sel. Ca. Chan. Select Cases in Chancery. Vide S. C. C.
Seld. mar. Cla. Selden's Mare Clausum.
Self. Tr. Selfridge's Trial.
Sell. Pr. Sellon's Practice in K. B. and C. P.
Selw. N. P. Selwyn's Nisi Prius.
Selw. R. Selwyn's Reports. These Reports are usually cited M.& S.
Maule & Selwyn's Reports.
Sem. or Semb. Semble, it seems.
Sen. Senate.
Seq. Sequentia.
Serg. on Att. Sergeant on the Law of Attachment.
Serg. Const. Law. Sergeant on constitutional Law.
Serg. on Land L. Sergeant on the Land Laws of Pennsylvania.
Serg.& Loub. Sergeant & Lowher's edition of the English Common
Law Reports; more usually cited Eng. Com. Law Rep.
Serg.& Rawle. or S.R. Reports of Cases adjudged in the Supreme
Court of Pennsylvania. By Thomas Sergeant and William Rawle, Jun.
Sess. Ca. Sessions Cases in K. B., chiefly touching Settlements.
Set. on Dec. Seton on Decrees.
Shaw & Macl. Shaw & Maclean's Reports.
Shelf. Lun. Shelford on Lunacy.
Shelf. on Mort. Shelford on the Law of Mortmain.
Shelf. on Railw. Shelford on Railways.
Shelf. on R. Pr. Shelford on Real Property.
Shep. To. Sheppard's Touchstone.
Shepl. R. Shepley's Reports.
Sher. Sheriff.
Show. P. C. Shower's Parliamentary Cases.
Show. R. Shower's Reports in the Court of King's Bench.
Shub. Jur. Lit. Shuback de Jure Littoris.
Sid. Siderfin's Reports.
Sim. Simon's Chancery Reports. In Con. C.R.
Sim.& Stu. Simon & Stuart's Chancery Reports.
Skene, Ver. Sign. Skene de VerborumSignificatione; an
explanation of terms, difficult words, &c.
Skin. Skinner's Reports.
Skirr. Und.Sher. Skirrow's Complete Practical Under Sheriff.
Slade's Rep. Slade's Reports. More usually cited Vermont Reports.
Smed & Marsh. Ch. R. Smedes & Marshall's Reports of Cases decided
by the High Court of Errors and Appeals of Mississippi.
Smith & Batty. Smith & Batty's Reports.
Smith's Ch. RPr. Smith's Chancery Practice.
Shith's For. Med. Smith's Forensic Medicine.
Smith's Hints. Smith's Hints for the Examination of Medical
Witnesses.
Smith on M. L. Smith on Mercantile Law.
Sm. on Pat. Smith on the Law of Patents.
Smith's R. Smith's Reports in K. B., together with Cases in the
Court of Chancery.Sol. Solutio, the answer to an objection.
Bouvier's Law Dictionary : A1 : Page 50 of 118
South. Car. R. South Carolina Reports.
South. R. Southard's Reports.
Sp. of Laws. Spirit of Laws, by Montesquieu.
Spelm. Feuds. Spelman on Feuds.
Spel. Gl. Spelman's Glossary.
Spence on Eq. Jur. of Ch. Spence on the Equitable Jurisdiction of
Chancery.
Spenc. R. Spencer's Reports.
Speers' Eq. Cas. Equity Cases argued and determined in the Court
of Appeals of South Carolina. By R. H. Speers.
Speers' Rep. Speers' Reports.
Ss. usually put in small letters, ss. Scilicet, that is to say.
St. or Stat. Statute.
St. Armand. Hist. Ess. St. Armand's Historical Essay on the
Legislative Power of England.
Stant. R. Stanton's Reports.
Stath. Ab. Statham's Abridgment.
St. Cas. Stillingfleet's Cases.
St. Tr. State Trials.
Stair's Inst. Stair's Inst. Stair's Institutions of the Law of
Scotland.
Stallm. on Elec. & Sat. Stallman on Election and Satisfaction.
Stark. Starkie's Ev. Starkie on the Law of Evidence.
Stark. Cr. Pl. Starkie's Criminal Pleadings.
Stark. R. Starkie's Reports.
Stark. on Sl. Starkie on Slander and Libel.
Stat. Statutes.
Stat. Wes. Statute of Westminster.
Staunf or Staunf. P. C. Staunford's Pleas of the Crown.
Stearn. on R. A. Stearne on Real Actions.
Steph. Comm. Stephen's New Commentaries on the Law of England.
Steph. Cr. Law. Stephen on Criminal Law.
Steph. Pl. Stephen on Pleading.
Steph. Proc. Stephen on Procurations.
Steph. on Slav. Stephens on Slavery.
Stev. on Av. Stevens on Average.
Stev.& B. on Av. Stevens & Beneke on Average.
Stew. Adm. Rep. Stewart's Reports of Cases argued and determined
in the Court of Vice Admiralty at Halifax.
Stew. R. Stewart's Reports.
Stew.& Port's. Stewart & Porter's Reports.
Story on Bail. Story's Commentaries on the Law of Bail